{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:08:23Z","timestamp":1775538503277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal astrocytic hamartomas (RAHs) are benign tumors that are mostly associated with a rare systemic disorder called tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). In the clinical diagnosis of TSC, RAH has been recognized as a major feature that supports a definite diagnosis. Here, 60 patients (120 eyes) with TSC underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination and multimodality imaging using fundus photographs, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and infrared images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Admission SD-OCT data were retrieved and utilized for analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the cutoff value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 117 hamartomas were detected in 45 patients, with a mean age of 12 years. On OCT imaging, RAHs appeared as gentle or protruding lesions of varying heights (mean thickness 314 mm, ranging between 71 and 974 mm).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For RAHs that could not be detected on fundus photographs or by ophthalmoscopy, OCT demonstrated excellent capability in revealing these lesions, particularly smaller tumors (MT &amp;lt; 271 mm). These results suggest that OCT can improve the detection of hamartomas and contribute to the diagnosis of TSC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:25:38Z","timestamp":1775535938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advantages of optical coherence tomography in assessing retinal astrocytic hamartomas in children with tuberous sclerosis complex"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guorui","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongjie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanni","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12806","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis: a review","volume":"45","author":"Hodgson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0870-y","article-title":"Incidence of tuberous sclerosis and age at first diagnosis: new data and emerging trends from a national, prospective surveillance study","volume":"13","author":"Ebrahimi-Fakhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.4.420","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis: a population based study","volume":"85","author":"Rowley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2006.05.004","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex: a review","volume":"21","author":"Leung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(86)80096-1","article-title":"High incidence of fundus hamartomas and clinical significance of a fundus score in tuberous sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Kiribuchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04476-y","article-title":"Clinical features and optical coherence tomography findings of retinal astrocytic hamartomas in Chinese patients with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.020","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex: genotype\/phenotype correlation of retinal findings","volume":"119","author":"Aronow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37744.x","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis","volume":"615","author":"Robertson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.032","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography of retinal astrocytic hamartoma in 15 cases","volume":"113","author":"Shields","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.04.011","article-title":"Retinal astrocytic hamartoma arises in nerve fiber layer and shows \"moth-eaten\" optically empty spaces on optical coherence tomography","volume":"123","author":"Shields","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001373","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and infrared images of astrocytic hamartomas not revealed by Funduscopy in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"37","author":"Mutolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.10.033","article-title":"Infrared imaging and optical coherence tomography reveal early-stage astrocytic hamartomas not detectable by fundoscopy","volume":"153","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000829","article-title":"RETINAL ASTROCYTIC HAMARTOMA: optical coherence tomography classification and correlation with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"36","author":"Pichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20170320-01","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex: a review","volume":"46","author":"Randle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_992_25","article-title":"Retinal astrocytic hamartoma with\/without tuberous sclerosis: a comparative analysis by multimodal imaging","volume":"73","author":"Prabha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2020.03.009","article-title":"The fundus autofluorescence of retinal astrocytic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.13389\/j.cnki.rao.2021.0162","article-title":"Multimodal imaging characteristics of early atypical retinal astrocytic hamartoma","volume":"8","author":"Zhiqiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recent Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181669781","article-title":"Vitreous seeding from retinal astrocytoma in three cases","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-198400420-00005","article-title":"Vitreous seeding by retinal astrocytic hamartoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"de Juan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040149003","article-title":"Retinal lesions in tuberous sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Nyboer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15812","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations in children with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"102","author":"\u00d6hnell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.002","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex surveillance and management: recommendations of the 2012 international tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference","volume":"49","author":"Krueger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-010-2156-1","article-title":"Current treatment indications and treatment options for retinal astrocytic hamartoma","volume":"107","author":"Mennel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe Z Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2007.01151.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin to induce regression of aggressive retinal astrocytomas","volume":"86","author":"Eskelin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01331.x","article-title":"Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with bevacizumab for tuberous sclerosis with macular oedema","volume":"88","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20121221-19","article-title":"Combined bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide injections for macular edema in a patient with astrocytic hamartomas and tuberous sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Lonngi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"139","article-title":"Aggressive retinal astrocytomas in four patients with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"102","author":"Shields","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3418_22","article-title":"Treatment of tuberous sclerosis complex-associated retinal astrocytic hamartoma complicated with vitreous hemorrhage","volume":"3","author":"Hang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol. Case Reports"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796812\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:25:42Z","timestamp":1775535942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796812\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"article-number":"1796812"}}