{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:31:05Z","timestamp":1788449465956,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the independent risk factors for in-hospital heart failure (HF) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and to develop and validate a personalized risk prediction model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective cohort study was conducted, enrolling 362 consecutive patients with T2DM and STEMI who underwent primary PCI between January 2022 and June 2025. Patients were categorized into an HF group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f74) and a non-HF group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f288) based on the occurrence of in-hospital HF. Baseline clinical data were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors. A nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the regression results. Its discriminative ability and calibration were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and a calibration plot, respectively. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation. Sensitivity analysis, including different variable selection methods and variance inflation factor (VIF) calculation, was conducted to evaluate the model\u2019s robustness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multivariate logistic regression identified seven independent risk factors for in-hospital HF (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05): prior myocardial infarction (OR\u202f=\u202f4.187, 95% CI: 2.374\u20137.389), smoking history (OR\u202f=\u202f2.683, 95% CI: 1.630\u20134.415), decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (per 1% decrease, OR\u202f=\u202f0.944), elevated white blood cell count (per 1\u202f\u00d7\u202f10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/L increase, OR\u202f=\u202f1.107), decreased hemoglobin level (per 1\u202fg\/L decrease, OR\u202f=\u202f0.976), elevated platelet count (per 50\u202f\u00d7\u202f10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/L increase, OR\u202f=\u202f1.200), and atrial fibrillation (OR\u202f=\u202f2.121, 95% CI: 1.085\u20134.146). The nomogram incorporating these seven factors demonstrated good predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.845 (95% CI: 0.792\u20130.898) and good calibration according to the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.712). Sensitivity analysis, using different variable selection methods (Forward and Backward stepwise regression) and VIF calculation, confirmed the stability of the model and the absence of significant multicollinearity (all VIF\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f1.5).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The constructed nomogram model shows good discriminative ability and calibration in this single-center internal validation. However, external validation is required before it can be considered a clinical-ready tool. It provides a preliminary quantitative tool for the early identification of high-risk patients and requires external validation in multi-center settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T04:34:09Z","timestamp":1778214849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of risk factors for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikebaierjiang","family":"Asaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University Sixth Affiliated Hospital","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University Sixth Affiliated Hospital","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2025.0220","article-title":"The biomarker galaxy: big Endothelin-1 joins the expanding universe of heart failure prognostication","volume":"55","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.0615","article-title":"Reversals in the decline of heart failure mortality in the US, 1999 to 2021","volume":"9","author":"Sayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.04.014","article-title":"The importance of NLRP3 inflammasome in heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Butts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-017-4558-1","article-title":"Diabetes and heart failure: update 2017","volume":"42","author":"Sch\u00fctt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044564","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of delirium after percutaneous coronary intervention in individuals hospitalised for acute myocardial infarction: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545079","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1545079","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors and development of a prediction model for long-term prognosis in patients with ischemic heart failure after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108575","article-title":"Comorbid management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure","volume":"251","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659446","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.659446","article-title":"Prognostic role of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02649-9","article-title":"Development and validation of an LDH-focused nomogram for the early prediction of heart failure in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0974-2","article-title":"High-sensitivity troponin I and B-type natriuretic peptide biomarkers for prediction of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01394-4","article-title":"Predictive value of random blood glucose versus fasting blood glucose on in-hospital adverse events in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction","volume":"20","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.6549-20","article-title":"The mid-term mortality and mode of death in survivors with ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"60","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-02015-w","article-title":"Lean type 2 diabetes: the overlooked epidemic reshaping global health","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.70022","article-title":"Efficacy of nurse-led digitalized diabetes management program for community-dwelling patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Makhfudli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11850","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x2021e11850","article-title":"The LDL\/HDL ratio predicts long-term risk of coronary revascularization in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2017.05.004","article-title":"National Trends in the incidence, management, and outcomes of heart failure complications in patients hospitalized for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"1","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81954-2","article-title":"Effect of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on all cause death and rehospitalization for heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0283-3","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome and dysglycaemia","volume":"14","author":"Kuhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300308","article-title":"Adrenergic nervous system in heart failure: pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"113","author":"Lymperopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803532","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.803532","article-title":"Valosin containing protein as a specific biomarker for predicting the development of acute coronary syndrome and its complication","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16663","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to antiplatelet drugs: EAACI position paper","volume":"80","author":"Cortellini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269011","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1269011","article-title":"Factors associated with early, late, and very late stent thrombosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stent placement: analysis from the ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 trial","volume":"10","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23220","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.121.023220","article-title":"Impact of right ventricular-pulmonary circulation coupling on mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Bursi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15128","article-title":"eGFR slope as predictor of mortality in heart failure patients","volume":"12","author":"Verstreken","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8745968","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8745968","article-title":"Clinical implications of the coexistence of anemia and diabetes mellitus in the elderly population","volume":"2021","author":"Michalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.20-536","article-title":"Association of Baseline Anemia with mid-term clinical outcomes in patients who underwent trans-radial primary percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"62","author":"Kani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v12.i8.373","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Borovac","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23973","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23973","article-title":"Factors impacting stent thrombosis in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary stenting: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Nso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154","article-title":"Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"82","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01015-y","article-title":"HbA1c is a predictive factor of severe coronary stenosis and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with both type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease","volume":"15","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.03.377","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, cessation, and risk of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"79","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196151","article-title":"Coronary event risk test (CERT) as a risk predictor for the 10-year clinical outcome of patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"12","author":"Leiherer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68333-7","article-title":"Differential circulating cytokine profiles in acute coronary syndrome versus stable coronary artery disease","volume":"14","author":"Maaniitty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70083","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70083","article-title":"Evaluation of pro-BNP biomarker in heart failure patients and its relationship with complete blood count parameters: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Torfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00556","article-title":"Inhibition of K(ca)2 and K(v)11.1 channels in pigs with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Citerni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Regression models for prognostic prediction: advantages, problems, and suggested solutions","volume":"69","author":"Harrell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rep"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3","article-title":"A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis","volume":"49","author":"Peduzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796825\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T04:34:17Z","timestamp":1778214857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796825\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796825","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"article-number":"1796825"}}