{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:07:09Z","timestamp":1788174429743,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the leading cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes. Conventional therapies like intravitreal injections (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and corticosteroids are often limited by the frequent injections and risks of complications. Suprachoroidal space (SCS) injection has emerged as a novel drug delivery technique. It targets eye precisely, resulting in high drug concentration in the posterior segment while reducing exposure to anterior segment tissues\u2014thereby potentially lowering risks of both cataract formation and elevated intraocular pressure. Clinical data shows that SCS injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) can significantly improve vision, reduce both macular edema and treatment frequency in DME patients. In this review, we mainly aim to introduce the advantages and clinical evidence of SCS injection, and emphasize its potential role in optimizing DME management strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1797383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:50:33Z","timestamp":1778219433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Suprachoroidal injection in the treatment of diabetic macular edema: mechanisms, clinical advances, and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Menghan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanzhen","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People\u2019s Hospital, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30052-3","article-title":"Diabetic macular oedema.","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257695","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema: safe and effective treatment with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (Taioftal).","volume":"16","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"128","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93751","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93751","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: current understanding, mechanisms, and treatment strategies.","volume":"2","author":"Duh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.004","article-title":"Severe steroid-induced glaucoma following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide.","volume":"141","author":"Quiram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.06.008","article-title":"Changes in management based on vitreous culture in endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection.","volume":"207","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S151611","article-title":"Association of treatment adherence with real-life Va outcomes in Amd, Dme, and Brvo patients.","volume":"12","author":"Ehlken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091241","article-title":"Suprachoroidal injection: a novel approach for targeted drug delivery.","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"Idf diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045.","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32374-6","article-title":"The lancet commission on diabetes: using data to transform diabetes care and patient lives.","volume":"396","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013199","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among 13473 patients with diabetes mellitus in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological survey in six provinces.","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1748","article-title":"Resource use and costs associated with diabetic macular edema in elderly persons.","volume":"126","author":"Shea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.","volume":"35","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(84)34102-1","article-title":"The wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. Iv. diabetic macular edema.","volume":"91","author":"Klein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312203","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders.","volume":"331","author":"Aiello","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.05.002","article-title":"Inflammation in diabetic retinopathy.","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.001","article-title":"Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions.","volume":"34","author":"Klaassen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156273","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2156273","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory.","volume":"2016","author":"Romero-Aroca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.9.2653","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies.","volume":"26","author":"Ciulla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007419","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007419.pub7","article-title":"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema: a network meta-analysis.","volume":"2023","author":"Virgili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902920402","article-title":"Human photoreceptor topography.","volume":"292","author":"Curcio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14125","article-title":"Psychological, social and everyday visual impact of diabetic macular oedema and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review.","volume":"37","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01403-6","article-title":"Laser therapy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.","volume":"21","author":"Everett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(14)74789-0","article-title":"Subretinal fibrosis after laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.","volume":"113","author":"Guyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080110085041","article-title":"Progressive enlargement of laser scars following grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema.","volume":"109","author":"Schatz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051066","article-title":"Influence of laser photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema (Dmo) on short-wavelength and conventional automated perimetry.","volume":"41","author":"Hudson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(90)32574-5","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization after laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.","volume":"97","author":"Lewis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S177192","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of aflibercept and conbercept in diabetic macular edema.","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i6.310","article-title":"Ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema.","volume":"4","author":"Krispel","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4389","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S62778","article-title":"The role of aflibercept in the management of diabetic macular edema.","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010051","article-title":"Impact of injection protocol selection by retina specialists on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema.","volume":"12","author":"Tanwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S100168","article-title":"Impact of injection therapy on retinal patients with diabetic macular edema or retinal vein occlusion.","volume":"10","author":"Sivaprasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.039","article-title":"Panretinal photocoagulation versus ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: factors associated with vision and edema outcomes.","volume":"125","author":"Bressler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150730-09","article-title":"Comorbidity and health care resource use among commercially insured non-elderly patients with diabetic macular edema.","volume":"46","author":"Wallick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.024","article-title":"Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema.","volume":"121","author":"Boyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0905","article-title":"Intravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retina.","volume":"46","author":"Tamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.09.013","article-title":"Corticosteroids inhibit vegf-induced vascular leakage in a rabbit model of blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barrier breakdown.","volume":"80","author":"Edelman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.21","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with diabetic macular edema.","volume":"128","author":"Haller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.03.001","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery targeted by iontophoresis in the suprachoroidal space using a microneedle.","volume":"277","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.06.026","article-title":"Collagen fiber interweaving is central to sclera stiffness.","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100773","article-title":"Scleral structure and biomechanics.","volume":"74","author":"Boote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.10693","article-title":"The choroid and optical coherence tomography.","volume":"46","author":"Sezer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.02.020","article-title":"Mechanical properties of murine and porcine ocular tissues in compression.","volume":"121","author":"Worthington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1998.760502.x","article-title":"Light microscopy of uveoscleral drainage routes after gelatine injections into the suprachoroidal space.","volume":"76","author":"Krohn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery.","volume":"57","author":"Del Amo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"233","article-title":"Hydrostatic pressure of the suprachoroidal space.","volume":"30","author":"Emi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16597","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of suprachoroidal space (Scs) following Scs injection using ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography in guinea pig eyes.","volume":"56","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.21","article-title":"Suprachoroidally delivered DNA nanoparticles transfect retina and retinal pigment epithelium\/choroid in rabbits.","volume":"9","author":"Kansara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.02.021","article-title":"Safety and pharmacodynamics of suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide as a controlled ocular drug release model.","volume":"203","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2021.0090","article-title":"Suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide suspension: ocular pharmacokinetics and distribution in rabbits demonstrates high and durable levels in the chorioretina.","volume":"38","author":"Muya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0063","article-title":"Effect of choroidal perfusion on ocular tissue distribution after intravitreal or suprachoroidal injection in an arterially perfused ex vivo pig eye model.","volume":"29","author":"Abarca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182576d1d","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of ketorolac after intracameral, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal administration in rabbits.","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6291","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pars plana intravitreal injections versus microcannula suprachoroidal injections of bevacizumab in a porcine model.","volume":"52","author":"Olsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070967","article-title":"Drug delivery via the suprachoroidal space for the treatment of retinal diseases.","volume":"13","author":"Haim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7525","article-title":"Effect and distribution of contrast medium after injection into the anterior suprachoroidal space in ex vivo eyes.","volume":"52","author":"Seiler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.47","article-title":"Prospective randomized comparison of discovisc and Healon5 in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.","volume":"24","author":"Oshika","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.05.045","article-title":"Cannulation of the suprachoroidal space: a novel drug delivery methodology to the posterior segment.","volume":"142","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20679","article-title":"Clearance kinetics and clearance routes of molecules from the suprachoroidal space after microneedle injection.","volume":"58","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.10.011","article-title":"Distribution of particles, small molecules and polymeric formulation excipients in the suprachoroidal space after microneedle injection.","volume":"153","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017140","article-title":"Ab-externo aav-mediated gene delivery to the suprachoroidal space using a 250 micron flexible microcatheter.","volume":"6","author":"Peden","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129085","article-title":"Aav8-vectored suprachoroidal gene transfer produces widespread ocular transgene expression.","volume":"129","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba1606","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1606","article-title":"Suprachoroidal gene transfer with nonviral nanoparticles.","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115082","article-title":"Microneedles for advanced ocular drug delivery.","volume":"201","author":"Glover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9872","article-title":"Targeted administration into the suprachoroidal space using a microneedle for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye.","volume":"53","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.11.001","article-title":"Dimensions of the human sclera: thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length.","volume":"90","author":"Norman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029692","article-title":"Scleral thickness in human eyes.","volume":"7","author":"Vurgese","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000212220.42675.c5","article-title":"Central corneal thickness is not related to anterior scleral thickness or axial length.","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7787","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7749","article-title":"In vivo cross-sectional observation and thickness measurement of bulbar conjunctiva using optical coherence tomography.","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132902","article-title":"Measurement of scleral thickness in humans using anterior segment optical coherent tomography.","volume":"10","author":"Buckhurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2022.89270","article-title":"Microinjection via the suprachoroidal space: a review of a novel mode of administration.","volume":"28","author":"Ciulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.03.001","article-title":"The suprachoroidal space as a route of administration to the posterior segment of the eye.","volume":"126","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1867532","article-title":"Biomechanics of suprachoroidal drug delivery: from benchtop to clinical investigation in ocular therapies.","volume":"18","author":"Hancock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.03.008","article-title":"Suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edema: the hulk trial.","volume":"2","author":"Wykoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.007","article-title":"Suprachoroidal Cls-Ta plus intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: a randomized, double-masked, parallel-design, controlled study.","volume":"5","author":"Barakat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-02790-y","article-title":"Suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide plus intravitreal bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema: a randomized pilot trial.","volume":"23","author":"Fazel","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs22166304","article-title":"Comparison of suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide versus intravitreal bevacizumab in primary diabetic macular odema.","volume":"16","author":"Anwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Health Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S351853","article-title":"Suprachoroidal versus intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.","volume":"16","author":"Zakaria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.36351\/pjo.v39i1.1480","article-title":"Comparison between suprachoroidal triamcinolone and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in patients of resistant diabetic macular edema.","volume":"39","author":"Shaikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000605221089807","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221089807","article-title":"Suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide using a custom-made needle to treat diabetic macular edema post pars plana vitrectomy: a case series.","volume":"50","author":"Marashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2024.2435461","article-title":"Suprachoroidal drug delivery: a versatile therapeutic platform.","volume":"21","author":"Ciulla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B81","unstructured":"Everads Injector in Suprachoroidal Administration of a Triamcinolone Acetonide (Ta) Suspension Approved for Intraocular Injection, for the Treatment of Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema: An Open-Label Safety and Performance Pilot Study.\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B82","unstructured":"A Multi-Center, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Phase 2, Masked, Three-Arm Trial to Compare Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy, and Durability of Two Dose Levels of Suprachoroidal Sustained-Release Oxu-001 (Dexamethasone Microspheres; Dexaspheres<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>) Using the Oxulumis<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Illuminated Microcatheterization Device Compared with Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>) in Subjects with Diabetic Macular Edema (Oxeye).\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"A Multi-Center, Randomized, Two-Arm, Parallel-Group, Single-Masked, 24-Week, Clinical Trial to Evaluate Safety and Tolerability of Two Dose Levels of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide Administered with the Oxulumis<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Ophthalmic Administration Device in Subjects with Diabetic Macular Edema.\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03110-0","article-title":"Refractory post-surgical cystoid macular edema managed following suprachoroidal microcatheterization and delivery of triamcinolone.","volume":"23","author":"de Smet","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0722-4","article-title":"Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 0.19 Mg (Iluvien((R))): a review in diabetic macular edema.","volume":"77","author":"Syed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0145-7","article-title":"Iluvien (Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.19 Mg Intravitreal Implant) in the treatment of diabetic macular edema: a review.","volume":"7","author":"Fusi-Rubiano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-023-00458-9","article-title":"Visual function and retinal morphological changes after single suprachoroidal delivery of fluocinolone acetonide (Iluvien(R)) implant in eyes with chronic diabetic macular edema.","volume":"9","author":"El Rayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"2611","article-title":"Suprachoroidal delivery of Cls-301, a potent small molecule integrin antagonist, offers multimonth durability and high bioavailability in the chorioretina.","volume":"64","author":"Kansara","year":"2023","journal-title":"ARVO Annu Meeting Abstract."},{"key":"B89","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Long-acting potential of suprachoroidally delivered Bcx4161, a selective plasma kallikrein inhibitor, for diabetic macular edema.","volume":"62","author":"Muya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0438-y","article-title":"In Vivo Mri assessment of bioactive magnetic iron oxide\/human serum albumin nanoparticle delivery into the posterior segment of the eye in a rat model of retinal degeneration.","volume":"17","author":"Tzameret","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"B91","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Suprachoroidal delivery of Rgx-314 for diabetic retinopathy: the phase Ii altitudetm study.","volume":"63","author":"DS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1797383\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:50:37Z","timestamp":1778219437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1797383\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1797383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1797383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"article-number":"1797383"}}