{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:04:44Z","timestamp":1780031084010,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of myopia and dry eye disease (DED) has increased significantly in schoolchildren over the past few decades, particularly in East Asia, leading to intensive physical and emotional burdens on schoolchildren\u2019s growth. Current studies reported associations between myopia and DED, where myopic individuals tend to have a higher prevalence of DED compared to non-myopic individuals among adults and children. The current review aims to summarize existing literature to investigate the relationship between DED and refractive error in schoolchildren. Possible mechanisms have been discussed, including mechanical and behavioral factors (ocular surface exposure, High-Order Aberrations, ethnicity, behavioral habits), parasympathetic dysregulation and neurovascular coupling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1803506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:45:45Z","timestamp":1780029945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between dry eye and myopia in schoolchildren: current evidence and possible mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hongsu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Medicine, Nankai University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom.","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38569-w","article-title":"Factors associated with myopia in 19-year-old adult men in Korea between 2014 and 2020.","volume":"13","author":"Gwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3103","article-title":"Current prevalence of myopia and association of myopia with environmental factors among schoolchildren in Japan.","volume":"137","author":"Yotsukura","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2025.101484","article-title":"Prevalence and temporal trends in myopia and high myopia children in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis with projections from 2020 to 2050.","volume":"55","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181f7f363","article-title":"The economic burden of dry eye disease in the United States: a decision tree analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2024.54359","article-title":"An investigation of the psychosocial outcomes of dry eye disease treatment in children with computer vision syndrome.","volume":"54","author":"Temelturk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75345-w","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic.","volume":"14","author":"Kunboon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2018.02.20","article-title":"Gender differences in adolescent dry eye disease: a health problem in girls.","volume":"11","author":"Ayaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.26635\/6965.6565","article-title":"Impacts of digital technologies on child and adolescent health: recommendations for safer screen use in educational settings.","volume":"137","author":"Cullen","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.12.001","article-title":"Dry eye disease in the young: a narrative review.","volume":"31","author":"Stapleton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocular Surface."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.026","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and incidence of dry eye disease based on coding analysis of a large, all-age united states health care system.","volume":"202","author":"Dana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_703_23","article-title":"Association of digital device usage and dry eye disease in school children.","volume":"72","author":"Jadeja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8812","DOI":"10.36106\/gjra\/8308812","article-title":"A clinical and analytical study of correlation between dry eye syndrome and refractive error in young adult patients attending ophthalmology department, MBS hospital kota.","volume":"9","author":"Jaishree Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob J Res Anal."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1103_17","article-title":"Correlation between dry eye and refractive error in Saudi young adults using noninvasive Keratograph 4.","volume":"66","author":"Fahmy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.16170","article-title":"Dry eye: prevalence and attributable risk factors in a hospital-based population.","volume":"53","author":"Sahai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020405","article-title":"Measurements of tear evaporation rate in subjects with refractive errors using a portable evaporimeter.","volume":"10","author":"Fagehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000033","article-title":"Is there a relationship between pathologic myopia and dry eye syndrome?","volume":"33","author":"Ilhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1294","article-title":"Self-reported dry eye disease across refractive modalities.","volume":"46","author":"Nichols","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0659-0","article-title":"Visual symptoms associated with refractive errors among Thangka artists of Kathmandu valley.","volume":"17","author":"Dhungel","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846709","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.846709","article-title":"Questionnaire analysis on incidence and risk factors of dry eye in children from a myopia outpatient clinic.","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.030","article-title":"Japan Ministry of Health study on prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese high school students.","volume":"146","author":"Uchino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.670742","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye syndrome among senior high school students in a county of Shandong Province, China.","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0364-4","article-title":"Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study.","volume":"16","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S444765","article-title":"A possible reciprocal relationship between myopia and dry eye disease in japanese teenagers.","volume":"18","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15023-x","article-title":"Relation between dry eye and myopia based on tear film breakup time, higher order aberration, choroidal thickness, and axial length.","volume":"12","author":"Hazra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0312725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312725","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic dry eye and influencing factors among Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/bijo.bijo_14_18","article-title":"The effect of spherical refractive error on tear volume.","volume":"4","author":"Abd Almajeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Al-Basar Int J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541304","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1541304","article-title":"Relationship between myopia and diagnosis rates of dry eye disease and related indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38674","article-title":"Relationship between dry eye disease and myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562","article-title":"Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia.","volume":"48","author":"Mutti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181cf9298","article-title":"Orbital decompression in the treatment of proptosis due to high axial myopia.","volume":"26","author":"Satchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.8.916","article-title":"The cornea in young myopic adults.","volume":"85","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2006.12.002","article-title":"Incomplete blinking: exposure keratopathy, lid wiper epitheliopathy, dry eye, refractive surgery, and dry contact lenses.","volume":"30","author":"McMonnies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3109\/02713681003678824","article-title":"Effect of repeated applanation tonometry on the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurements.","volume":"35","author":"Gaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000998","article-title":"Mechanisms of visual disturbance in dry eye.","volume":"35","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20040501-08","article-title":"Wavefront analysis of higher order aberrations in dry eye patients.","volume":"20","author":"Mont\u00e9s-Mic\u00f3","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0762","article-title":"Serial measurements of higher-order aberrations after blinking in patients with dry eye.","volume":"49","author":"Koh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.027","article-title":"Postblink changes in total and corneal ocular aberrations.","volume":"111","author":"Montes-Mico","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.01.657224","article-title":"A theoretical mechanism for ocular emmetropization.","author":"Crewther","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652","article-title":"Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90113-7","article-title":"Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens.","volume":"28","author":"Schaeffel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)e0049-q","article-title":"Moving the retina: choroidal modulation of refractive state.","volume":"35","author":"Wallman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"561","article-title":"Emmetropization: a vision-dependent phenomenon.","volume":"20","author":"Rabin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161535","article-title":"Optical defocus rapidly changes choroidal thickness in schoolchildren.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1992.31","article-title":"Neonatal eye growth and emmetropisation\u2013a literature review.","volume":"6","author":"Troilo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213319","article-title":"Association between corneal higher-order aberrations evaluated with a videokeratographer and corneal surface abnormalities in dry eye.","volume":"13","author":"Kusada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.040","article-title":"TFOS DEWS III digest report.","volume":"279","author":"Stapleton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.09.006","article-title":"The ocular surface in children: a review of current knowledge and meta-analysis of tear film stability and tear secretion in children.","volume":"17","author":"Chidi-Egboka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report.","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702701","article-title":"Ethnic differences in refraction and ocular biometry in a population-based sample of 11-15-year-old Australian children.","volume":"22","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.09.003","article-title":"Exploring the Asian ethnic predisposition to dry eye disease in a pediatric population.","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54028","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54028","article-title":"Dry eye disease: an overview of its risk factors, diagnosis, and prevalence by age, sex, and race.","volume":"16","author":"Deo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002402","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis of five Asian cohorts identifies PDGFRA as a susceptibility locus for corneal astigmatism.","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S210721","article-title":"Posterior corneal astigmatism: a review article.","volume":"11","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Optom"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.04.004","article-title":"TFOS Lifestyle: impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface.","volume":"28","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocular Surf."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319306","article-title":"Interventions recommended for myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review.","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e062850","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062850","article-title":"Association of different digital media experiences with paediatric dry eye in China: a population-based study.","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10484-7","article-title":"Screen time duration and timing: effects on obesity, physical activity, dry eyes, and learning ability in elementary school children.","volume":"21","author":"Mineshita","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.01.001","article-title":"Impact of digital screen use and lifestyle factors on dry eye disease in the paediatric population.","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Surf."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.04.006","article-title":"TFOS lifestyle: impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.","volume":"28","author":"Stapleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Surf."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.06.041","article-title":"Clinical nomogram for determining expected choroidal thickness in children with myopia.","volume":"278","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12772","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in myopic and nonmyopic children assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography.","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1207","article-title":"Localization of preganglionic neurons that innervate choroidal neurons of pterygopalatine ganglion.","volume":"44","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1159\/000267332","article-title":"Facial parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion. An ultrastructural pterygopalatine tracing and immunohistochemical study.","volume":"25","author":"Beckers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/s1350-9462(02)00063-0","article-title":"Role of the sclera in the development and pathological complications of myopia.","volume":"22","author":"McBrien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.07.015","article-title":"The dynamic sclera: extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development.","volume":"133","author":"Harper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia.","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102933","article-title":"Autoimmunity in dry eye disease - An updated review of evidence on effector and memory Th17 cells in disease pathogenicity.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15455","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015455","article-title":"Disrupted neural regeneration in dry eye secondary to ankylosing spondylitis-with a theoretical link between piezo2 channelopathy and gateway reflex, WDR neurons, and flare-ups.","volume":"24","author":"Sonkodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1471-4159.2009.06012.X","article-title":"VIP down-regulates the inflammatory potential and promotes survival of dying (neural crest-derived) corneal endothelial cells ex vivo: necrosis to apoptosis switch and up-regulation of Bcl-2 and N-cadherin.","volume":"109","author":"Koh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084190","article-title":"Type I interferon production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells under control.","volume":"22","author":"Bencze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.02.003","article-title":"Ocular surface immunity: homeostatic mechanisms and their disruption in dry eye disease.","volume":"31","author":"Barabino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.116","article-title":"Dendritic cell migration in health and disease.","volume":"17","author":"Worbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062997","article-title":"An experimental model of neuro-immune interactions in the eye: corneal sensory nerves and resident dendritic cells.","volume":"23","author":"Frutos-Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03170-6","article-title":"Association of myopia with anxiety and mood disorders in adolescents.","volume":"38","author":"Nitzan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.186","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.025","article-title":"Higher locus coeruleus MRI contrast is associated with lower parasympathetic influence over heart rate variability.","volume":"150","author":"Mather","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.09.005","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling dysfunction in high myopia patients: evidence from a multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging analysis.","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109988","article-title":"Integrative neurovascular coupling and neurotransmitter analyses in anisometropic and visual deprivation amblyopia children.","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323878","article-title":"Handheld chromatic pupillometry can reliably detect functional glaucomatous damage in eyes with high myopia.","volume":"108","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427","article-title":"Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"109","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","article-title":"Digital eye strain- a comprehensive review.","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.08.009","article-title":"TFOS lifestyle report executive summary: a lifestyle epidemic - ocular surface disease.","volume":"30","author":"Craig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Surf."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e939451","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.939451","article-title":"Relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and axial length in children.","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj187513","article-title":"Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review.","volume":"24","author":"Mak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0317756","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317756","article-title":"Physiological growth of ocular axial length among Chinese children and teenagers: a 6-year cohort study.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13533","article-title":"Higher order ocular aberrations and their relation to refractive error and ocular biometry in children.","volume":"55","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.03.07","article-title":"Relationship between higher-order aberrations and myopia progression in schoolchildren: a retrospective study.","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24906-x","article-title":"Ocular higher-order aberrations and axial eye growth in young Hong Kong children.","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.10.003","article-title":"Influence of higher order aberrations and retinal image quality in myopisation of emmetropic eyes.","volume":"105","author":"Philip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08177-6","article-title":"Relationship between higher-order wavefront aberrations and natural progression of myopia in schoolchildren.","volume":"7","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12012","article-title":"Correlations between commonly used objective signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of dry eye disease: clinical implications.","volume":"92","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00016","article-title":"Survey of preferred tests for diagnosis of the tear film and dry eye.","volume":"19","author":"Korb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.033","article-title":"TFOS DEWS III diagnostic methodology.","volume":"279","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1803506\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:45:54Z","timestamp":1780029954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1803506\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1803506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1803506","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1803506"}}