{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:15:14Z","timestamp":1789769714135,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Oral microbiota plays a critical role in linking oral and systemic health, with dysbiosis closely associated with the onset and progression of chronic liver diseases. This review systematically examines the central role of the \u201coral\u2013gut\u2013liver axis\u201d in hepatic pathophysiology. Epidemiological evidence has identified periodontitis and specific oral pathogens, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), as independent risk factors for the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), development of cirrhosis, and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The underlying mechanisms primarily involve four interrelated pathways: (1) direct bacterial translocation, where pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonize the liver via bacteremia and activate oncogenic pathways; (2) systemic dissemination of bacterial metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), driving hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pathways; (3) systemic immune inflammation, wherein periodontitis acts as a chronic inflammatory focus that continuously releases pro-inflammatory mediators into the circulation; and (4) indirect effects mediated by gut microbiota dysbiosis, whereby oral bacteria compromise the intestinal barrier, facilitating the influx of gut-derived toxins into the liver. These findings underscore the significant impact of oral health on hepatic status. In the short term, oral microbial profiles represent promising noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Preliminary clinical trials indicate that periodontal therapy can improve metabolic parameters in patients with NAFLD. In the long term, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration between hepatology and oral medicine and strategically integrating oral health interventions into the comprehensive management framework for liver diseases hold significant public health potential for mitigating the global burden of hepatic disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1810114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:22:16Z","timestamp":1776918136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The oral\u2013gut\u2013liver axis: linking periodontal microbiota to the pathogenesis of liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fagui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Higher Education Research Center for Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health Engineering, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Baise City Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Higher Education Research Center for Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health Engineering, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Baise City Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Higher Education Research Center for Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health Engineering, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Baise City Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingzhuang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Higher Education Research Center for Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health Engineering, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Baise City Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengkui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Higher Education Research Center for Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health Engineering, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Baise City Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microecology and Health, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities","place":["Baise, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31550","article-title":"Integrating patient-reported outcomes within routine hepatology care: a prompt to action","volume":"73","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.025","article-title":"Epidemiology and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: new trends","volume":"72","author":"Singal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-024-01032-x","article-title":"Is periodontitis triggering an inflammatory response in the liver, and does this reaction entail oxidative stress?","volume":"113","author":"Renu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-025-00066-1","article-title":"Mechanisms and implications of the gut microbial modulation of intestinal metabolic processes","volume":"3","author":"Jyoti","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Metab Health Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2009.0874","article-title":"The oral microbiota: living with a permanent guest","volume":"28","author":"Avila","year":"2009","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10020016","article-title":"Oral health and liver disease: bidirectional associations-a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Aberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-023-00827-8","article-title":"Effect of periodontitis induced by Fusobacterium nucleatum on the microbiota of the gut and surrounding organs","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2706","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02706-20","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum secretes outer membrane vesicles and promotes intestinal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Engevik","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2019.1245","article-title":"Red complex periodontal pathogens are risk factors for liver cirrhosis","volume":"11","author":"Nagao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14260-9","article-title":"Periodontal pathogenic bacteria, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans affect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by altering gut microbiota and glucose metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Komazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13110503","article-title":"Liver disease and periodontal pathogens: a bidirectional relationship between liver and Oral microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Dioguardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13616","article-title":"The role of TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-kappaB pathway in periodontitis-induced liver inflammation of rats","volume":"27","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.94416","article-title":"Microbiota, cirrhosis, and the emerging oral-gut-liver axis","volume":"2","author":"Acharya","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27819","article-title":"Salivary microbiota reflects changes in gut microbiota in cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"62","author":"Bajaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-16","article-title":"Involvement of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Yoneda","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12387","article-title":"Periodontal disease-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an emerging concept of oral-liver axis","volume":"87","author":"Kuraji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09587-x","article-title":"Investigation of Fusobacterium nucleatum in saliva and colorectal mucosa: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Idrissi Janati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13833","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by altering gut microbiota composition and host immune response in mice","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.718","article-title":"Interaction between periodontitis and liver diseases","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.04.014","article-title":"Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14521","article-title":"A clinical overview of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a guide to diagnosis, the clinical features, and complications-what the non-specialist needs to know","volume":"24","author":"Muthiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes22021","article-title":"Recent epidemiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Huh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12929","article-title":"The association between missing teeth and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults","volume":"45","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14785","article-title":"Periodontitis and NAFLD-related diseases: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"30","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100140","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2024-100140","article-title":"Periodontal disease and cirrhosis: current concepts and future prospects","volume":"3","author":"Hudson","year":"2025","journal-title":"eGastroenterology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404416666","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223251368090","article-title":"Hepatitis and periodontal health: an emerging oral-liver axis","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Monta\u00f1o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102673122","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312115601122","article-title":"Periodontal disease and liver cirrhosis: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Gronkjaer","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i6.967","article-title":"Periodontal treatment and microbiome-targeted therapy in management of periodontitis-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with oral and gut dysbiosis","volume":"29","author":"Kuraji","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315084","article-title":"Gut microbiome analysis as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for early hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487644","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2025.2487644","article-title":"Intratumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum is associated with better cancer-specific survival in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"17","author":"Datorre","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306676","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2024.2306676","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum in tumors: from tumorigenesis to tumor metastasis and tumor resistance","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.010","article-title":"Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack","volume":"42","author":"Gur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw028","article-title":"Periodontal disease and risk of all cancers among male never smokers: an updated analysis of the health professionals follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"Michaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.012","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin\/\u03b2-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin","volume":"14","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10809","article-title":"Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity","volume":"482","author":"Henao-Mejia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13680","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13680","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide in liver glucose\/lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Mateus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G400","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00121.2020","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative injury: a key player in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"319","author":"Dornas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000529162","article-title":"The role of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria in the prevention of caries: a review related to caries and nitrate metabolism","volume":"57","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.11.019","article-title":"Short-term treatment with hepatoselective NO donor V-PYRRO\/NO improves blood flow in hepatic microcirculation in liver steatosis in mice","volume":"70","author":"Kus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0072","article-title":"Periodontal infection, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance: results from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004","volume":"35","author":"Demmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v16.i5.688","article-title":"Multifunctional role of oral bacteria in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730926","article-title":"Interleukin-17 in liver disease pathogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121279","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that link oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver","volume":"9","author":"Ramos-Tovar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.105987","article-title":"Evaluation of inflammasomes as biomarker following non-surgical periodontal treatment","volume":"164","author":"Kabacao\u011flu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oxidative stress and hepatic stellate cells: a paradoxical relationship","volume":"7","author":"Gandhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04828","article-title":"Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Arimatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.048","article-title":"The intermucosal connection between the mouth and gut in commensal pathobiont-driven colitis","volume":"182","author":"Kitamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.017","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.005","article-title":"A universal gut-microbiome-derived signature predicts cirrhosis","volume":"32","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1786","article-title":"Human microbiome Fusobacterium nucleatum in esophageal cancer tissue is associated with prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Yamamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G824","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00230.2018","article-title":"Periodontal therapy favorably modulates the oral-gut-hepatic axis in cirrhosis","volume":"315","author":"Bajaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12630","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of periodontitis","volume":"71","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-016-0011-0","article-title":"Inter-personal diversity and temporal dynamics of dental, tongue, and salivary microbiota in the healthy oral cavity","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3981","article-title":"Assessment of variation in microbial community amplicon sequencing by the microbiome quality control (MBQC) project consortium","volume":"35","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23889","article-title":"Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded human microbiome project","volume":"550","author":"Lloyd-Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90562","article-title":"Intestinal fungi contribute to development of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i2.204","article-title":"Three-dimensional perfused human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Kostrzewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1810114\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:22:19Z","timestamp":1776918139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1810114\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1810114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1810114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"article-number":"1810114"}}