{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:09:06Z","timestamp":1791216546341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common complication during anti-tuberculosis treatment for tuberculous meningitis (TBM), but its association with in-hospital mortality and age-specific effect modification remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort of non-HIV TBM patients hospitalized between October 2013 and January 2024. DILI was ascertained using a structured retrospective adjudication workflow incorporating biochemical thresholds, temporal relationship with anti-tuberculosis therapy, exclusion of competing etiologies, and clinical evolution. The primary analysis used multivariable Firth penalized logistic regression adjusted for age, hydrocephalus, immunodeficiency, albumin, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose, and hyponatremia. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), MRI-adjusted analysis, and sensitivity analyses were performed. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) assessed age-DILI interaction. Incremental predictive value was assessed by comparing models with and without DILI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1,574 patients, in-hospital mortality was 11.9% (187\/1,574), and DILI occurred in 13.8% (217\/1,574). DILI was independently associated with in-hospital mortality in the primary Firth model (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.536, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.970\u201312.245;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), with consistent IPTW (weighted OR 8.699, 95% CI 6.010\u201312.591;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and MRI-adjusted estimates (aOR 8.617, 95% CI 6.015\u201312.388;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Median time from anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation to DILI onset was 23 days (IQR 18\u201329). Among DILI non-survivors, DILI preceded death in all cases (84\/84), and no first DILI episode occurred within 48 h before death. Adding DILI increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) from 0.661 to 0.805 (\u0394AUC = 0.144). RCS suggested borderline overall age-DILI interaction (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.069), without non-linear interaction (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.835).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DILI is a strong independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in TBM, improves mortality risk prediction, and shows an exploratory borderline trend toward age-related effect modification. Timing and sensitivity analyses suggest that this association is unlikely to be explained solely by terminal liver injury or early-death bias. These findings support intensive liver-function monitoring, prompt etiologic adjudication, and early protocolized regimen adjustment in TBM patients with DILI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1811720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:36:53Z","timestamp":1781152613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Drug-induced liver injury as a strong independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in tuberculous meningitis: potential age-related effect modification suggested in a large lifespan cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Changsha (West Branch of Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care), Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huashan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Changsha (West Branch of Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care), Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Changsha (West Branch of Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care), Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sufen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Changsha (West Branch of Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care), Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tieqiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wengao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Changsha (West Branch of Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care), Changsha","place":["Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00364-0","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"26","author":"Donovan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Infec Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00435-X","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: progress and remaining questions.","volume":"21","author":"Huynh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2025.2579210","article-title":"Updates in the clinical management of tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"24","author":"Garg","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp Rev Anti infect Therapy."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133477","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis in children and adults: a 10-year retrospective comparative analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Miftode","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try006","article-title":"Is drug-induced hepatitis related to the severity of tuberculous meningitis?","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa144","article-title":"Standard versus sequential anti-tubercular treatment in patients with tuberculous meningitis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"115","author":"Misra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research.","volume":"10","author":"Marais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10144-3","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury: Asia Pacific Association of Study of Liver consensus guidelines.","volume":"15","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Int."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14896","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of anti-tuberculosis drug induced liver injury (DILI): large cohort study involving 4652 Chinese adult tuberculosis patients.","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406454","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1406454","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for moderate and severe antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury.","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700269","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.700269","article-title":"Progression in neuroimaging of normal pressure hydrocephalus.","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08661-7","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunt for tuberculous meningitis-associated hydrocephalus: long-term outcomes and complications.","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016101139","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: compilation of the guidelines.","volume":"28","author":"Hoorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00030-9","article-title":"Haemoglobin thresholds to define anaemia from age 6 months to 65 years: estimates from international data sources.","volume":"11","author":"Braat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca","article-title":"An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association.","volume":"44","author":"Sacco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2013.06.019","article-title":"Imaging recommendations for acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients: a joint statement by the American Society of Neuroradiology, the American College of Radiology and the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery.","volume":"10","author":"Wintermark","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.08.040","article-title":"Secondary immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection.","volume":"125","author":"Chinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.08.011","article-title":"Secondary immunodeficiencies: an overview.","volume":"127","author":"Tuano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11454","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1).","volume":"17","author":"Kellum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090501800208","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: comparison of contrast enhanced T1-weighted and flair MR imaging with magnetization transfer contrast.","volume":"18","author":"Mutlu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241974","article-title":"Brain MRI findings in relation to clinical characteristics and outcome of tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"15","author":"Dian","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.6.973","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative comparison of contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, magnetization transfer spin echo, and fat-saturation T1-weighted sequences in infectious meningitis.","volume":"18","author":"Azad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29779","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in central nervous system tuberculosis: a pictorial review.","volume":"10","author":"Dahal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.177608","article-title":"Neuroimaging in tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"64","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol India."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.58","article-title":"Spinal cord involvement in tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"53","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw376","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis.","volume":"63","author":"Nahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis.63Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1086\/650576","article-title":"Safety of 3 different reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs after development of antituberculosis treatment-induced hepatotoxicity.","volume":"50","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2330-z","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury from antituberculous treatment: a retrospective study from a large TB centre in the UK.","volume":"17","author":"Abbara","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047","article-title":"A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression.","volume":"21","author":"Heinze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1684-1182(10)60018-7","article-title":"Prognostic factors of tuberculous meningitis in adults: a 6-year retrospective study at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan.","volume":"43","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix849","article-title":"Prognostic models for 9-Month mortality in tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"66","author":"Thao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85307","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85307","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism determines outcome in tuberculous meningitis: a targeted metabolomic analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Ardiansyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix051","article-title":"Clinical parameters, routine inflammatory markers, and LTA4H genotype as predictors of mortality among 608 patients with tuberculous meningitis in Indonesia.","volume":"215","author":"van Laarhoven","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6607","article-title":"Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies.","volume":"34","author":"Austin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","article-title":"Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensitycore to estimate causa.","volume":"28","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.12.10","article-title":"Balance diagnostics after propensity score matching.","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dyaf088","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf088","article-title":"Estimating and presenting non-linear associations with restricted cubic splines.","volume":"54","author":"Discacciati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1788223","article-title":"Patients with tuberculous meningitis and hepatitis B co-infection have increased risk for antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury and poor outcomes.","volume":"52","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1256-y","article-title":"The clinical impact of drug-induced hepatotoxicity on anti-tuberculosis therapy: a case control study.","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037814","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1037814","article-title":"Mechanisms of isoniazid and rifampicin-induced liver injury and the effects of natural medicinal ingredients: a review.","volume":"13","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.37349\/edd.2023.00020","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced liver injury.","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp of Digest Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8266878","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8266878","article-title":"Incidence and temporal trend of antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trop Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820002861","article-title":"The role of hepatitis B infection in anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.","volume":"148","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.07.010","article-title":"The susceptibility of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury and chronic hepatitis C infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105764","article-title":"Oxidative stress and ER stress are related to severity of tubercular infection.","volume":"172","author":"Tripathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13751","article-title":"Risk of drug-induced liver injury in chronic hepatitis B and tuberculosis co-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13555","article-title":"High-dose rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2502866","article-title":"Trial of High-Dose oral rifampin in adults with tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"393","author":"Meya","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102857","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of higher dose rifampicin in adults with presumed drug-susceptible tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"77","author":"Haigh","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.03.031","article-title":"Standard versus high dose of rifampicin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Onorato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1666ST","article-title":"An official ATS statement: hepatotoxicity of anti-tuberculosis therapy.","volume":"174","author":"Saukkonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002192","article-title":"Antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury in children: incidence and risk factors during the two-month intensive phase of therapy.","volume":"38","author":"Gafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac208","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of High-Dose rifampicin with or without levofloxacin versus standard of care for pediatric tuberculous meningitis: The TBM-KIDS trial.","volume":"75","author":"Paradkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321426","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety\/tolerability of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in children and adolescents treated for tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"107","author":"Ruslami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2011.e16","article-title":"Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in children.","volume":"3","author":"Donald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep."},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"WHO Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis: Module 5: Management of Tuberculosis in Children And Adolescents.","year":"2022"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2803.212230","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of childhood tuberculous meningitis in a real-world retrospective cohort, Bandung, Indonesia.","volume":"28","author":"Nataprawira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.485","article-title":"Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.","volume":"311","author":"Altman","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab982","article-title":"Treatment and outcome in children with tuberculous meningitis: a multicenter pediatric tuberculosis network European Trials Group Study.","volume":"75","author":"Thee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1811720\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:17:27Z","timestamp":1781270247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1811720\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1811720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1811720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"article-number":"1811720"}}