{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:18:12Z","timestamp":1790291892479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postoperative delirium (POD) after cardiac surgery in the intensive care unit (ICU) has a high incidence and poor outcomes. Virtual reality (VR) is a non-pharmacological intervention of growing interest, but its effects in cardiac surgery patients remain underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility of a perioperative VR-based intervention program and to explore its preliminary clinical effects on POD, anxiety, depression, cognition, sleep, and mobility in cardiac surgery patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A randomized controlled trial was conducted from February to March 2025 in a tertiary hospital in China. Forty participants undergoing elective cardiac surgery were assigned to usual care (control group) or usual care plus daily VR sessions from preoperative preparation until ICU discharge (intervention group) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f20 each). Outcomes included delirium incidence, severity, duration, onset time, and changes in stress, cognition, sleep, and mobility with time perioperatively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this pilot trial, the intervention group had a lower incidence of delirium than the control group (5% vs. 35%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.048). However, the study was not powered to detect differences in delirium incidence, and the limited number of events (n\u202f=\u202f8) makes this estimate unstable. Therefore, this finding should be interpreted as a hypothesis-generating signal only, not as evidence of clinical efficacy. The intervention group also had lower delirium severity, higher Barthel Index scores, and shorter ICU length of stay (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). In addition, patients in the intervention group had lower stress levels at multiple perioperative time points, better sleep on the first and last ICU nights, and higher cognitive scores at ICU discharge than those in the control group. Repeated-measures analyses suggested favorable changes over time in anxiety, depression, and sleep in the intervention group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perioperative VR-based multicomponent intervention was feasible and well accepted in this pilot study, and may indicate potential benefit in reducing POD and improving selected psychological and functional outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. These findings are preliminary and require confirmation in larger, adequately powered multicenter trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1815659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:28:09Z","timestamp":1780374489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A virtual reality-based multicomponent intervention program for preventing postoperative delirium in the intensive care unit for cardiac surgery patients: from evidence-based design to a pilot trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijing","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weilin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyu","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001303","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"151","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2020 update: a report from the American Heart 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