{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:07:39Z","timestamp":1782281259774,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Hypoxemia is a frequent complication in the bronchoscopic interventions (BI) under deep sedation due to shared airway challenges. The Wei nasal jet tube (WNJ) enables supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation (SJOV) without tracheal intubation, but its efficacy and safety compared to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in patients with mild-to-moderate airway stenosis remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In the prospective randomized controlled trial, 150 patients through BI under deep sedation were allocated to three groups: COT (fractional inspired oxygen (FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n 1.0, 10 L\/min), HFNC (FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n 1.0, 40 L\/min), or SJOV via WNJ (FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n 1.0, driving pressure 0.6 bar, respiratory rate 600 cycles\/min). Primary outcomes included the incidence of intraoperative hypoxemia (SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n &lt; 90%), severe hypoxemia (SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n &lt; 80%), the requirement for mask positive-pressure oxygenation (MPPO) and endotracheal intubation. Arterial blood gas parameters, hemodynamic variables, adverse events and procedure duration were also analyzed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A sum of 150 patients participated in the study. The incidences of hypoxemia, severe hypoxemia, and MPPO were compared among the three groups. The overall incidence of hypoxemia differed significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.020), with the SJOV group showing a lower rate than the COT group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.018). The overall incidence of severe hypoxemia differed significantly among groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.024), SJOV showed a notably reduced incidence compared to COT (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.016). MPPO incidence varied significantly among groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.022). SJOV showed a lower rate than COT (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.014). PaO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n was significantly higher in the SJOV group compared to both the COT and HFNC groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001 for both). The SJOV group exhibited significantly lower lactic acid levels than both the COT group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001) and the HFNC group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.006). No significant differences were observed in endotracheal intubation, PaCO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , pH, hemodynamic stability, total propofol and remifentanil consumption, adverse events or procedure duration among groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n SJOV delivered via the Wei nasal jet tube improved intraoperative oxygenation and reduced hypoxemia compared with COT during bronchoscopic intervention under deep sedation, without increasing adverse events. These findings support SJOV as a feasible oxygenation and ventilation strategy for selected patients with mild-to-moderate airway stenosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/searchproj.html<\/jats:ext-link>\n , identifier ChiCTR2100054123.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1820327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:45:20Z","timestamp":1782279920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comparative study of conventional, High-flow, and jet ventilation via the Wei nasal jet tube for oxygen therapy in patients undergoing bronchoscopic intervention under deep sedation: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ai-Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, Emergency General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Hao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201907-1292SO","article-title":"Interventional bronchoscopy.","volume":"202","author":"Criner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611774","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2024.1611774","article-title":"Novel diagnostic processes and challenges in bronchoscopy.","volume":"30","author":"P\u00e1pai-Sz\u00e9kely","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol Oncol Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02188-4","article-title":"Incidence of oxygen desaturation using a high-flow nasal cannula versus a facemask during flexible bronchoscopy in patients at risk of hypoxemia: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002043","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology.","volume":"128","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04577","article-title":"High-Flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in adults: physiological benefits. indication, clinical benefits, and adverse effects.","volume":"61","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Care."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-03049-w","article-title":"Gas transport mechanisms during high-frequency ventilation.","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_597_19","article-title":"Supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation - a novel ventilation technique.","volume":"64","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev371","article-title":"Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults.","volume":"115","author":"Frerk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/11101849.2019.1589719","article-title":"Comparison of three airway conduits for fiberoptic-guided intubation: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"35","author":"Khattab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.165851","article-title":"Anaesthesia for bronchoscopy.","volume":"59","author":"Chadha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.07.29","article-title":"Anesthetic considerations for bronchoscopic procedures: a narrative review based on the cleveland clinic experience.","volume":"11","author":"Galway","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0552-2","article-title":"Assessment of changes of regional ventilation distribution in the lung tissue depending on the driving pressure applied during high frequency jet ventilation.","volume":"18","author":"Bialka","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-010-9366-5","article-title":"The incidence of hypoxemia during surgery: evidence from two institutions.","volume":"57","author":"Ehrenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949614","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.949614","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula for patients undergoing bronchoscopy and gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4266\/acc.2021.01571","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula for respiratory failure in adult patients.","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acute Crit Care."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex091","article-title":"Supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation enhances oxygenation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients sedated with propofol: a randomized multicentre clinical trial.","volume":"119","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation during colonoscopy under monitored anesthesia care: a controlled randomized clinical trial.","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-016-2279-x","article-title":"Supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation saved a patient with \u2018cannot intubate and cannot ventilate\u2019 emergency difficult airway.","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2025.111906","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of high frequency jet ventilation: a systematic and narrative review.","volume":"106","author":"Spaar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-03200-0","article-title":"Jet ventilation dynamics in rigid bronchoscope: insights from a simulated experimental model.","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-22-355","article-title":"The efficacy of high-frequency jet ventilation on intraoperative oxygen saturation compared to cross-field ventilation in patients undergoing carinal resection and reconstruction.","volume":"14","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613241261594","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation in rigid bronchoscopy: a single-center, retrospective study.","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2025.111773","article-title":"Regional lung ventilation during supraglottic and subglottic jet ventilation: a randomized cross-over trial.","volume":"102","author":"Windpassinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01846-1","article-title":"Oxygenation strategies during flexible bronchoscopy: a review of the literature.","volume":"22","author":"Pelaia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01284-y","article-title":"High frequency jet ventilation through mask contributes to oxygen therapy among patients undergoing bronchoscopic intervention under deep sedation.","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234861","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4234861","article-title":"Jet ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy in adults: a focused review.","volume":"2016","author":"Putz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.027","article-title":"Optimising organ perfusion in the high-risk surgical and critical care patient: a narrative review.","volume":"123","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133638","article-title":"PCSK9 and other metabolic targets to counteract ischemia\/reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction and visceral vascular surgery.","volume":"11","author":"Ortona","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.04.043","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic mechanism-based interaction model for the haemodynamic effects of remifentanil and propofol in healthy volunteers.","volume":"131","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001033","article-title":"Anesthetic considerations in interventional pulmonology.","volume":"30","author":"Sikachi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e938602","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.938602","article-title":"Evaluation of supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation in 105 patients during bronchoscopy using the Twinstream\u00ae microprocessor-controlled jet ventilator and the wei nasal Jet\u00ae tube.","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1820327\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:45:21Z","timestamp":1782279921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1820327\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1820327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1820327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"article-number":"1820327"}}