{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:46:41Z","timestamp":1782798401189,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The study investigates the impact of gonadotropin (Gn) dose on embryo quality and pregnancy outcome in patients receiving controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with antagonist regimen fertility treatment to identify the optimal dose range of Gn.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In total, 1854 patients treated for\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n fertilization (IVF) in a single reproductive medicine center between January 2019 and October 2024 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were categorized into four groups according to the quartile of Gn dose, and general data, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcomes were compared.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The rates of excellent embryos, single blastocyst transfer, clinical pregnancy, and live births were significantly higher and abortion rates were significantly lower for group 1 than for groups 2, 3, and 4. The rates of blastocyst formation were higher in groups 1 and 2 than in groups 3 and 4. Regression analysis showed that total Gn was an independent risk factor for rates of positive human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), abortion, and live birth and was negatively correlated with blastocyst formation rate (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.05). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve analysis showed a linear relationship for blastocyst formation, HCG positive, and live birth rates (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.05). Increases in Gn above the respective threshold values of 2192.6262, 2395.774, and 1897.138\u202fIU resulted in decreased rates of blastocyst formation, positive HCG, and live birth.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Gn dose influences embryo quality and pregnancy outcome during COS. Adjustment of Gn dose may improve IVF outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1820329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:38:10Z","timestamp":1782797890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A retrospective cohort study on the impact of gonadotropin dose on embryo quality and pregnancy outcome: identification of optimal dose range"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Run","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2519","article-title":"Freeze-all versus fresh blastocyst transfer strategy during in vitro fertilisation in women with regular menstrual cycles: multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Stormlund","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1151","article-title":"Gonadotropin dose is negatively correlated with live birth rate: analysis of more than 650,000 assisted reproductive technology cycles","volume":"104","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effect of dosage of ovulation induction drugs on clinical outcome in assisted 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