{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:17:54Z","timestamp":1787026674338,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) remains a fundamental diagnostic tool for Prostate cancer (PCa), yet its use is frequently constrained by the high costs and infrastructure requirements of PET imaging. [\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc]Tc-PSMA single photon emission computed tomography\/CT (SPECT\/CT) emerges as a viable diagnostic option, showing significant potential in both the primary staging and restaging of prostate cancer. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis about the detection rate (DR) of [\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc]Tc-PSMA SPECT\/CT in PCa patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries was performed to extract relevant published articles about the DR of [\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc]Tc-PSMA SPECT\/CT in patients affected by PCa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-three studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1,840 patients) were included in the systematic review with 19 studies eligible for the meta-analysis. The pooled estimated DR of [\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc]Tc-PSMA SPECT\/CT in the staging field was 79.7% (95% CI 70.2\u201389.3%); in restaging biochemical recurrence was 75.4% (95% CI 67.7\u201383%). A significant statistical heterogeneity was reported in both analyses. PSA value at the time of SPECT\/CT was frequently associated with the DR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In conclusion, our analysis showed that [\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc]Tc-PSMA SPECT\/CT is a good diagnostic tool for prostate cancer, both at staging and biochemical recurrence. It may be useful as an alternative in resource-constrained environments or remote locations where PET\/CT technology is not readily accessible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1827510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:47:39Z","timestamp":1776059259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Detection rate of [99mTc]Tc-PSMA SPECT\/CT in prostate cancer: a systematic review and a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Domenico","family":"Albano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia","place":["Brescia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia","place":["Brescia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavko","family":"Tasevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute for Positron Emission Tomography","place":["Skopje, North Macedonia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","place":["Mashhad, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Treglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale","place":["Bellinzona, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana","place":["Lugano, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.11.013","article-title":"Recent patterns and trends in global prostate cancer incidence and mortality: an update","volume":"87","author":"Schafer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16244263","article-title":"Current clinical applications of PSMA-PET for prostate cancer diagnosis, staging, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"von Stauffenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-3919.202255","article-title":"Clinical utility of Gallium-68 PSMA PET\/CT scan for prostate cancer","volume":"32","author":"Kallur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.125.269818","article-title":"Efficacy of [18F]PSMA-1007 PET\/CT in primary staging of prostate carcinoma: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"67","author":"Rahbar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-025-02026-7","article-title":"The prognostic role of staging [18F]PSMA-1007 PET\/CT volumetric and dissemination features in prostate cancer","volume":"39","author":"Albano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09516-0","article-title":"Combined forced diuresis and late acquisition on [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET\/CT for biochemical recurrent prostate cancer: a clinical practice-oriented study","volume":"33","author":"Bauckneht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00755-2","article-title":"Comparison of 18F-based PSMA radiotracers with [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 in PET\/CT imaging of prostate cancer\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22038\/aojnmb.2019.43943.1293","article-title":"Direct comparison of 99mTc-PSMA SPECT\/CT and 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"8","author":"Albalooshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-016-0219-2","article-title":"Systematic reviews and metaanalyses of diagnostic studies: a practical guideline","volume":"5","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transl Imaging."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2380","article-title":"A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints","volume":"25","author":"Harbord","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23379","article-title":"Diagnostic sensitivity of Tc-99m HYNIC PSMA SPECT\/CT in prostate carcinoma: a comparative analysis with Ga-68 PSMA PET\/CT","volume":"77","author":"Lawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001433","article-title":"First experience with SPECT\/CT using a 99mTc-labeled inhibitor for prostate-specific membrane antigen in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","volume":"42","author":"Reinfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23444","volume":"78","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002162","article-title":"Assessment of treatment response by 99mTc-MIP-1404 SPECT\/CT: a pilot study in patients with metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"43","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001991","article-title":"SPECT\/CT with the PSMA ligand 99mTc-MIP-1404 for whole-body primary staging of patients with prostate cancer","volume":"43","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23696","article-title":"Relationship between PSA kinetics and Tc-99m HYNIC PSMA SPECT\/CT detection rates of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"332","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison performance of 99mTc-EDDA\/HYNIC-iPSMA SPECT\/CT and 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET\/CT: a prospective study in biochemical recurrence prostate cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-019-01400-6","article-title":"SPECT\/CT with 99mTc-MIP-1404 in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer: predictive factors and efficacy for the detection of PSMA-positive lesions at low and very-low PSA levels","volume":"33","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-020-00635-z","volume":"10","author":"Werner","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002880","volume":"45","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003102","volume":"45","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5603\/NMR.2021.0018","article-title":"SPECT-CT imaging with [99mTc]PSMA-T4 in patients with recurrent prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Sergieva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072437","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1072437","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA SPECT\/CT for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165694","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1165694","article-title":"The efficacy of 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA SPECT\/CT in detecting primary lesions and metastasis in newly diagnosed prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001733","article-title":"Comparing the role of 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA-11 and 99mTc-MDP scintigraphy for the initial staging of intermediate to high-risk prostate cancer","volume":"44","author":"Ghaedian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193370","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1193370","article-title":"Improving diagnostic efficacy of primary prostate cancer with combined 99mTc-PSMA SPECT\/CT and multiparametric-MRI and quantitative parameters","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17588359231221342","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359231221342","article-title":"Diagnostic value of [99mTc]Tc-PSMA-I&S-SPECT\/CT for the primary staging and restaging of prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Farkas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.remnie.2025.500157","article-title":"Comparison of 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA-11, bone scan and post radioligand therapy images in mCRPC patients: a single center experience","volume":"44","author":"Aryana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2025.103103","article-title":"Prostate cancer detection with [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-iPSMA SPECT: the Australian experience","volume":"31","author":"Currie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiography."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000002075","article-title":"Intraindividual comparison of 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA-11 and 99mTc-MDP bone scan with SPECT\/CT for detecting skeletal metastases in prostate cancer: a prospective concordance study","volume":"47","author":"Taywade","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-025-02055-2","article-title":"The diagnostic value of whole-body HYNIC-PSMA 11 -Tc [99 mTc] SPECT\/CT scan in early staging of patients with moderate- and high-risk prostate cancer","volume":"39","author":"RoshanRavan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000002060","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-PSMA single photon emission computed tomography CT in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"47","author":"Jonmarker","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07630-3","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of [99mTc]Tc-PSMA SPECT\/CT for recurrent prostate cancer based on individual patient attributes","volume":"53","author":"Liepe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04696-z","article-title":"Predictive accuracy and clinical benefit of a nomogram aimed to predict 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT positivity in patients with prostate cancer recurrence and PSA < 1 ng\/ml external validation on a single institution database","volume":"47","author":"Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092333","article-title":"Pretest PSA and restaging PSMA PET\/CT predict survival in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"von Eyben","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16181","article-title":"Assessment of prostate carcinoma aggressiveness: relation to 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET\/MRI and Gleason score","volume":"43","author":"Ferda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-023-00599-y","article-title":"Meta-analysis of (18)F-PSMA-1007 PET\/CT, (18)F-FDG PET\/CT, and (68)Ga-PSMA PET\/CT in diagnostic efficacy of prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11050710","article-title":"Detection rate of 18F-labeled PSMA PET\/CT in biochemical recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Treglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e926544","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.926544","article-title":"Addressing global inequities in positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) for cancer management: a statistical model to guide strategic planning","volume":"26","author":"Gallach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.188","article-title":"Is there still a role for SPECT-CT in oncology in the PET-CT era?","volume":"9","author":"Hicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-20-1135","article-title":"Narrative review: prostate-specific membrane antigen-radioligand therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Lunger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-023-00578-z","article-title":"Clinical validation of an AI-based automatic quantification tool for lung lobes in SPECT\/CT","volume":"10","author":"Verrecchia-Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1827510\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:47:41Z","timestamp":1776059261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1827510\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1827510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1827510","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"article-number":"1827510"}}