{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:54:29Z","timestamp":1782921269080,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To apply artificial intelligence (AI) technology for the quantitative analysis of interocular retinal vascular differences in color fundus photographs (CFP) among school-age children with mild to moderate anisometropia and to investigate their correlation with the degree of anisometropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 33 children aged 6\u20139 years with mild to moderate anisometropia were enrolled. CFPs of both eyes were acquired. A deep learning-based AI algorithm was employed to quantitatively analyze interocular differences in the degree of fundus tessellation (FT), the extent of peripapillary atrophy (PPA), optic disc morphology, and retinal vascular characteristics. The correlations between these differences and the interocular spherical equivalent (SE) difference were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eyes with lower SE values exhibited significantly higher FT density, larger FT areas across all regions, greater PPA area and extent, a larger optic disc ovality index, higher total vessel length density, and higher arterial fractal dimensions (D0, D1) compared to eyes with higher SE values. In contrast, the horizontal cup-to-disc ratio and the average venous tortuosity were significantly lower in the lower SE eyes (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the interocular differences in the horizontal and vertical diameter ratios of PPA to the optic disc (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.433,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012;\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.368,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.035, respectively) and in the arterial singularity length (SL_a) (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.397,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022) were positively correlated with the degree of anisometropia. No significant linear associations were found between the degree of anisometropia and the interocular differences in other fundus parameters (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant interocular differences in fundus structures are present in children with mild to moderate anisometropia. The magnitude of interocular difference in the PPA-to-optic disc diameter ratio shows a significant correlation with the degree of anisometropia. AI-based quantitative analysis provides an objective imaging basis for the early identification of anisometropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1829476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:41:47Z","timestamp":1782920507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence-based quantitative analysis of interocular retinal vascular differences in school-age children with mild to moderate anisometropia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuke","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Medical Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyue","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Medical Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guorui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Medical Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13405","article-title":"Anisometropia of spherical equivalent and astigmatism among myopes: a 23-year follow-up study of prevalence and changes from childhood to adulthood.","volume":"95","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0906","article-title":"Longitudinal study of anisometropia in Singaporean school children.","volume":"47","author":"Tong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.040","article-title":"Refractive errors in a rural Chinese adult population the Handan eye study.","volume":"116","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.09.007","article-title":"Age- and gender-related characteristics of corneal refractive parameters in a large cohort study.","volume":"209","author":"Vainer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0324352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324352","article-title":"Research on the correlation between retinal vascular parameters and axial length in children using an AI-based fundus image analysis system.","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00406.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cycloplegic refraction in a cohort of 350 Japanese schoolchildren. 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