{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:10:19Z","timestamp":1779253819777,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Conventional strategies for tendon-bone interface (TBI) repair primarily focus on structural healing, often overlooking the essential processes of neural regeneration and proprioceptive recovery required for functional restoration. This review aims to explore the potential of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys and the released magnesium ions (Mg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) in establishing a \u201cMg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Stem Cell-Nerve\u201d axis as a novel strategic foundation for achieving neurotized regeneration at the TBI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review provides a narrative synthesis of the existing literature on the roles of Mg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      in regulating stem cell functions and promoting neural regeneration. A multidimensional perspective integrating \u201cimmunity-metabolism-nerve\u201d interactions was adopted to dissect the underlying synergistic molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the design of intelligent Mg-based implants predicated on this theory was discussed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of the existing evidence suggests that Mg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      may act as a pivotal bioactive signal, independently and synergistically regulating stem cell behavior and neural regeneration processes, thereby supporting the proposal of a conceptual \u201cMg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Stem Cell-Nerve\u201d axis. This proposed axis could theoretically synchronize structural repair and neural re-innervation of the TBI. Based on this mechanism, the design of intelligent Mg-based implants demonstrates significant potential for achieving spatiotemporally precise modulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biodegradable Mg alloys, through the proposed \u201cMg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Stem Cell-Nerve\u201d axis, offer a promising paradigm for advancing TBI healing from structural integration toward neurotized functional regeneration. However, clinical translation remains at an early stage, requiring further validation in large-animal models, resolution of degradation control challenges, and rigorous long-term safety and efficacy evaluation. Although the proposed \u201cMg\n                      <jats:sup>2 +<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Stem Cell-Nerve\u201d axis provides a novel integrative framework, it is important to note that its full sequential and closed-loop operation currently remains a working hypothesis derived from synthesizing fragmented pairwise evidence from disparate model systems, rather than a fully established pathway directly validated in the TBI microenvironment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1832217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:43:42Z","timestamp":1779252222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering a functional tendon-bone interface: mechanisms and prospects of magnesium alloys in promoting neurotized regeneration via modulating stem cell-nerve interplay"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhu","family":"Xinke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases in Shaanxi Province","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Xi\u2019an Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases in Shaanxi Province","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Xi\u2019an Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Zhengming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases in Shaanxi Province","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Xi\u2019an Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xianghui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases in Shaanxi Province","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases in Shaanxi Province","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i7.753","article-title":"Stem cell therapies in tendon-bone healing.","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199312000-00009","article-title":"Tendon-healing in a bone tunnel. A biomechanical and histological study in the dog.","volume":"75","author":"Rodeo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2024.101734","article-title":"Characterization of the mechanical properties of the mouse Achilles tendon enthesis by microindentation. Effects of unloading and subsequent reloading.","volume":"20","author":"Camy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadg7380","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg7380","article-title":"Activation of CGRP receptor-mediated signaling promotes tendon-bone healing.","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-5-59","article-title":"Biology and augmentation of tendon-bone insertion repair.","volume":"5","author":"Lui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4161\/org.27404","article-title":"Cellular therapy in bone-tendon interface regeneration.","volume":"10","author":"Rothrauff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Organogenesis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24477","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02946","article-title":"Sustained release of magnesium ions mediated by a dynamic mechanical hydrogel to enhance BMSC proliferation and differentiation.","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29395","article-title":"Mg2+ in \u03b2-TCP\/Mg-Zn composite enhances the differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts through MAPK-regulated Runx2\/Osx.","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102200","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicles with LncRNA H19 overload yap regulation as a tendon repair therapeutic tactic.","volume":"24","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251316308","article-title":"Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: surgeon-reported causes of failure from the Norwegian knee ligament register.","volume":"53","author":"Vindfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04634-6","article-title":"Retear rates after rotator cuff surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Longo","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"38","article-title":"Differences among mechanoreceptors in healthy and injured anterior cruciate ligaments and their clinical importance.","volume":"2","author":"Dhillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.09.011","article-title":"Quadriceps muscle compensatory activations are delayed following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon graft.","volume":"27","author":"Labanca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knee."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608941","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament mechanoreceptors and their potential importance in remnant-preserving reconstruction: a review of basic science and clinical findings.","volume":"31","author":"Kosy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Knee Surg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae087","article-title":"Neuronal regulation of bone and tendon injury repair: a focused review.","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012248","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy regenerates the native bone-tendon junction after surgical repair in a degenerative rat model.","volume":"5","author":"Nourissat","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717854","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.717854","article-title":"Magnesium promotes the regeneration of the peripheral nerve.","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.005","article-title":"High-purity magnesium interference screws promote fibrocartilaginous entheses regeneration in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rabbit model via accumulation of BMP-2 and VEGF.","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030755","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics, in vitro degradation, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial evaluation of Zn-4.0Ag alloy as a biodegradable material.","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.05.011","article-title":"Osteoinductive bone morphogenic protein, collagen scaffold, calcium phosphate cement, and magnesium-based fixation enhance anterior cruciate ligament tendon graft to bone healing in animal models: a systematic review.","volume":"39","author":"Saab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroscopy."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003","article-title":"Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review.","volume":"27","author":"Staiger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2014.05.001","article-title":"Effects of elevated magnesium and substrate on neuronal numbers and neurite outgrowth of neural stem\/progenitor cells in vitro.","volume":"84","author":"Vennemeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13568","article-title":"Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate attenuates white matter damage by preventing cell death of developing oligodendrocytes.","volume":"44","author":"Seyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.05.039","article-title":"An injectable, self-healing, electroconductive extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for enhancing tissue repair after traumatic spinal cord injury.","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35171","article-title":"Biomimetic engineered approaches for neural tissue engineering: spinal cord injury.","volume":"111","author":"Pourkhodadad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930804","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.930804","article-title":"PEDOT: pss promotes neurogenic commitment of neural crest-derived stem cells.","volume":"13","author":"Pisciotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59224","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c15278","article-title":"Synergy of nanotopography and electrical conductivity of PEDOT\/PSS for enhanced neuronal development.","volume":"15","author":"Bianchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011783","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1011783","article-title":"Recent advances in PLLA-based biomaterial scaffolds for neural tissue engineering: fabrication, modification, and applications.","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35663","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35663","article-title":"State of the art technology of electroactive and conductive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.","volume":"113","author":"Soni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123522","article-title":"Piezoelectric polylactic acid-based biomaterials: fundamentals, challenges and opportunities in medical device design.","volume":"324","author":"Sch\u00f6nlein","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2304632","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304632","article-title":"Polylactide degradation activates immune cells by metabolic reprogramming.","volume":"10","author":"Maduka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0415-1","article-title":"Electrical stimulation to enhance axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries in animal models and humans.","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35730","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of electrical conductive PVA based materials for peripheral nerve tube-guides.","volume":"104","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","article-title":"Magnesium basics.","volume":"5","author":"Jahnen-Dechent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae134","article-title":"Magnesium biology.","volume":"39","author":"Kr\u00f6se","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.11.003","article-title":"Signal transduction: magnesium manifests as a second messenger.","volume":"28","author":"Stangherlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08379-y","article-title":"Magnesium chloride promotes Osteogenesis through Notch signaling activation and expansion of Mesenchymal stem cells.","volume":"7","author":"D\u00edaz-Tocados","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900209","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900209","article-title":"A magnesium-enriched 3D culture system that mimics the bone development microenvironment for vascularized bone regeneration.","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.05.006","article-title":"Regulation of structural and functional synapse density by L-threonate through modulation of intraneuronal magnesium concentration.","volume":"108","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061661","article-title":"The role and the effect of magnesium in mental disorders: a systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"Botturi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/400_2009_19","article-title":"Axon regeneration in the peripheral and central nervous systems.","volume":"48","author":"Huebner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Results Probl Cell Differ."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23892","article-title":"Migrating Schwann cells direct axon regeneration within the peripheral nerve bridge.","volume":"69","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2202102","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202202102","article-title":"Magnesium-encapsulated injectable hydrogel and 3D-engineered polycaprolactone conduit facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration.","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.197146","article-title":"Biodegradable magnesium wire promotes regeneration of compressed sciatic nerves.","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116024","article-title":"Growth factors: bioactive macromolecular drugs for peripheral nerve injury treatment - molecular mechanisms and delivery platforms.","volume":"170","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00033","article-title":"The success and failure of the Schwann cell response to nerve injury.","volume":"13","author":"Jessen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.274343","article-title":"Biological characteristics of dynamic expression of nerve regeneration related growth factors in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury.","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.07.104","article-title":"Effects of medium flow on axon growth with or without nerve growth factor.","volume":"465","author":"Kumamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180412092859","article-title":"Nerve growth factor: early studies and recent clinical trials.","volume":"16","author":"Rocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.10.026","article-title":"Advancing neural regeneration via adaptable hydrogels: enriched with Mg2+ and silk fibroin to facilitate endogenous cell infiltration and macrophage polarization.","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.06.060","article-title":"Fabrication of tannic acid\/poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) layer-by-layer coating on Mg-based metallic glass for nerve tissue regeneration application.","volume":"170","author":"Monfared","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16239","article-title":"Antenatal magnesium sulphate for the prevention of cerebral palsy in infants born preterm: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial.","volume":"127","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-003236","article-title":"The use of therapeutic magnesium for neuroprotection during global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest and cardiac surgery in adults: a systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"Pearce","year":"2017","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347529","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1347529","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic strategies in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a focus on cognitive outcomes.","volume":"15","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-020-00580-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of magnesium L-threonate in a hypoxic zebrafish model.","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060730","article-title":"The role of magnesium in neurological disorders.","volume":"10","author":"Kirkland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020194","article-title":"The activation of GABAAR alleviated cerebral ischemic injury via the suppression of oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways.","volume":"13","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1497-x","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of intraarticular application of magnesium, levobupivacaine and lornoxicam with placebo in arthroscopic surgery.","volume":"19","author":"Koltka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25306","article-title":"Elevation of brain magnesium potentiates neural stem cell proliferation in the hippocampus of young and aged mice.","volume":"231","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9815-5","article-title":"Combination of G-CSF administration and human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell transplantation promotes peripheral nerve regeneration.","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.002","article-title":"Magnesium and inflammation: advances and perspectives.","volume":"115","author":"Maier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15040088","article-title":"Influence of magnesium degradation on schwannoma cell responses to nerve injury using an in vitro injury model.","volume":"15","author":"Bhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0280","article-title":"Magnesium supplement promotes sciatic nerve regeneration and down-regulates inflammatory response.","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnes Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9910-7","article-title":"Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells in combination with hyperbaric oxygen augment peripheral nerve regeneration.","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597838","article-title":"Useful effects of melatonin in peripheral nerve injury and development of the nervous system.","volume":"12","author":"Uyanikgil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06879.x","article-title":"Embryonic and adult stem cells promote raphespinal axon outgrowth and improve functional outcome following spinal hemisection in mice.","volume":"30","author":"Boido","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S121994","article-title":"Activation, homing, and role of the mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory environment.","volume":"9","author":"Zachar","year":"2016","journal-title":"JIR."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5251313","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5251313","article-title":"Roles of mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injury.","volume":"2017","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.02.009","article-title":"CXCR4 transfection of cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells with the use of cationic liposome enhances their migration toward stromal cell-derived factor-1.","volume":"15","author":"Marquez-Curtis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26493","article-title":"Autocrine signals increase ovine mesenchymal stem cells migration through Aquaporin-1 and CXCR4 overexpression.","volume":"233","author":"Pelagalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/ni813","article-title":"G-CSF induces stem cell mobilization by decreasing bone marrow SDF-1 and up-regulating CXCR4.","volume":"3","author":"Petit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1909","article-title":"A new role of substance P as an injury-inducible messenger for mobilization of CD29(+) stromal-like cells.","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3668","article-title":"PDGF-BB secreted by preosteoclasts induces angiogenesis during coupling with osteogenesis.","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0022","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells support migration, extracellular matrix invasion, proliferation, and survival of endothelial cells in vitro.","volume":"25","author":"Potapova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109305","article-title":"Paracrine-mediated neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised retinal ganglion cells by human dental pulp stem cells: comparison with human bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.","volume":"9","author":"Mead","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-014-9576-2","article-title":"Secretome of mesenchymal progenitors from the umbilical cord acts as modulator of neural\/glial proliferation and differentiation.","volume":"11","author":"Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12969-1","article-title":"The neurotrophic effects of different human dental mesenchymal stem cells.","volume":"7","author":"Kolar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091852","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell secretome: toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine.","volume":"18","author":"Vizoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.09.018","article-title":"BDNF-expressing marrow stromal cells support extensive axonal growth at sites of spinal cord injury.","volume":"191","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.11.055","article-title":"Axon growth and recovery of function supported by human bone marrow stromal cells in the injured spinal cord exhibit donor variations.","volume":"1035","author":"Neuhuber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.10.029","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations express a variety of neuro-regulatory molecules and promote neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis.","volume":"198","author":"Crigler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.01.013","article-title":"Bone marrow stromal cells stimulate neurite outgrowth over neural proteoglycans (CSPG), myelin associated glycoprotein and Nogo-A.","volume":"354","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0394-0","article-title":"Secreted trophic factors of mesenchymal stem cells support neurovascular and musculoskeletal therapies.","volume":"7","author":"Hofer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.22038\/IJBMS.2017.8580","article-title":"Remyelination improvement after neurotrophic factors secreting cells transplantation in rat spinal cord injury.","volume":"20","author":"Razavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102482","article-title":"Role of adipose mesenchymal stem cells and secretome in peripheral nerve regeneration.","volume":"67","author":"Sumarwoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7882","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147882","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as nanomedicine for peripheral nerve injury.","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/304129a0","article-title":"Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing.","volume":"304","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4162","article-title":"Implant-derived magnesium induces local neuronal production of CGRP to improve bone-fracture healing in rats.","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902443","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902443","article-title":"Biodegradable magnesium-based implants in orthopedics-A general review and perspectives.","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7659","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances osteogenic differentiation and recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats.","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102970","article-title":"The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha is essential for bone healing.","volume":"59","author":"Appelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181127","article-title":"Obesity\/Type II diabetes alters macrophage polarization resulting in a fibrotic tendon healing response.","volume":"12","author":"Ackerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2018.02.005","article-title":"Internal fixation of three-dimensional distal metatarsal i osteotomies in the treatment of hallux valgus deformities using biodegradable magnesium screws in comparison to titanium screws.","volume":"25","author":"Klauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot and Ankle Surgery."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1338-3","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of three anatomic ACL reconstructions in a porcine model.","volume":"19","author":"Debandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2023.11.011","article-title":"Morphological and histological evaluation of the tendon-bone junction in porcine shoulders to create a rotator cuff tear and repair model.","volume":"29","author":"Sasanuma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2463-6","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament: an anatomical exploration in humans and in a selection of animal species.","volume":"22","author":"Tantisricharoenkul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1832217\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:43:58Z","timestamp":1779252238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1832217\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1832217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1832217","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1832217"}}