{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:15:33Z","timestamp":1783664133962,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PA) is a major cause of infectious keratitis worldwide. Contact lens (CL) wear is a key risk factor, though other predisposing factors exist. This study compared clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of CL-related versus non-CL-related PA keratitis in the United Kingdom (UK).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study of culture-confirmed PA keratitis cases that presented to the Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre (Birmingham, UK) and Queen\u2019s Medical Centre (Nottingham, UK) between August 2016 and January 2020. Demographics, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes were analysed and compared between CL-related and non-CL-related groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-six patients (66 eyes) were included; mean age was 54.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f20.9\u202fyears and 59.1% were female. CL wear accounted for 35 (53.1%) cases. At presentation, mean CDVA was 1.26\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.96 logMAR (~6\/120 Snellen). Hospitalisation occurred in 71.2% cases, with 19.7% cases requiring surgery. Most isolated PA (64, 97.0%) were antibiotic-susceptible. Compared to non-CL-related keratitis, CL-related keratitis was more commonly associated with younger age, better initial vision, smaller and non-central ulcers, and absence of hypopyon (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). CL-related cases had a significantly lower risk of poor visual outcome (&amp;gt;0.6 logMAR; adjusted odd ratio\u202f=\u202f0.13, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.84,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.046; multivariable logistic regression) and faster rate of corneal healing (median: 17\u202fdays vs. 32\u202fdays;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.029; unadjusted Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PA keratitis remains a significant cause of ocular morbidity in the United Kingdom. CL-related disease shows distinct clinical features and better outcomes likely due to lower presenting disease severity and timely management of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1835834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:38:08Z","timestamp":1783661888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contact lens-related versus non-contact lens\u2013related Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis: The Midlands Infectious Keratitis Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Burak","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawaja Muhammad Ammar Ali","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Jeat","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gibran","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia G.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre","place":["Nottingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham","place":["Nottingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harminder S.","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre","place":["Nottingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham","place":["Nottingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Aralikatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saaeha","family":"Rauz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren S. J.","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Inflammation and Ageing, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.08.007","article-title":"The epidemiology of infectious keratitis","volume":"28","author":"Stapleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul 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