{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:48:15Z","timestamp":1785934095949,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, playing a crucial role in fluid balance and immune function. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system can lead to lymphedema, a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid, resulting in tissue swelling, pain, and functional impairment. Lymphedema is classified as either primary or secondary. Primary lymphedema arises from congenital dysfunction of the lymphatic system and may be associated with various genetic syndromes or occur idiopathically. Secondary lymphedema is associated with damage, obstruction, or removal of previously normal lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes. Traditionally, management strategies for lymphedema have been predominantly conservative, and even now, conservative treatment with complete decongestive therapy remains the gold standard. However, in recent years, lymphatic surgical approaches such as lymphaticovenous anastomosis and vascularized lymph node transfer have been improved by advances in microsurgical techniques, with promising clinical outcomes. Equally important, lymphatic tissue engineering has emerged as a promising new direction in lymphedema treatment, introducing both new challenges and opportunities. The complex tissue and molecular alterations associated with lymphedema remain major obstacles to developing a universally applicable treatment algorithm. As no curative treatment is currently available, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic options for lymphedema, highlight key experimental advances in lymphatic tissue engineering, and discuss their potential translational applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1851346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:19:42Z","timestamp":1785932382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lymphedema: current treatment strategies and future directions in tissue engineering"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Stoian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery, and Microsurgery of the Locomotor System, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cellular Culture, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Emergency Medicine Institute","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cellular Culture, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Babuci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitalie","family":"Cobzac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cellular Culture, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Nacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cellular Culture, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"S\u00eeromeatnicov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dumitru","family":"H\u00eencota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Emergency Medicine Institute","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolae","family":"Capro\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigore","family":"Verega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery, and Microsurgery of the Locomotor System, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viorel","family":"Nacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cellular Culture, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02441-2","article-title":"Incidence of lymphedema related to various cancers.","volume":"41","author":"Letellier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.014","article-title":"Estimating the population burden of lymphedema.","volume":"1131","author":"Rockson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040261","article-title":"Biology of lymphedema.","volume":"10","author":"Brix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.03.022","article-title":"Lymphedema: pathophysiology and clinical manifestations.","volume":"77","author":"Grada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2017.0007","article-title":"Surgical treatment of primary lymphedema.","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-013-0201-9","article-title":"[Lymphedema: anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of lymphedema, definition and classification of lymphedema and lymphatic vascular malformations].","volume":"163","author":"D\u00f6ller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-060116-022900","article-title":"Lymphedema: pathogenesis and novel therapies.","volume":"69","author":"Dayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-019-04523-z","article-title":"[Lymphedema-clinical picture and therapy].","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70097","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400498RR","article-title":"Multi-omics characterization of lymphedema-induced adipose tissue resulting from breast cancer-related surgery.","volume":"38","author":"Karaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722760","article-title":"Lymphatic tissue engineering: a further step for successful lymphedema treatment.","volume":"37","author":"Sp\u00f6rlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a041169","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041169","article-title":"Lymphatic tissue and organ engineering for in vitro modeling and in vivo regeneration.","volume":"12","author":"Kolarzyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.004","article-title":"Lymphatic tissue engineering: progress and prospects.","volume":"1131","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2020.0378","article-title":"Tissue engineering strategies for cancer-related lymphedema.","volume":"27","author":"Asaad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2016.10.003","article-title":"Lymphatic anatomy.","volume":"19","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-122316-045259","article-title":"Lymphatic system flows.","volume":"50","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fluid Mech"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00137","article-title":"The unresolved pathophysiology of lymphedema.","volume":"11","author":"Azhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090257","article-title":"Development of secondary lymphoid organs.","volume":"26","author":"Randall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.039","article-title":"The lymphatic vasculature in the 21st century: novel functional roles in homeostasis and disease.","volume":"182","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2014.07.013","article-title":"Mechanical forces and lymphatic transport.","volume":"96","author":"Breslin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00150-8","article-title":"The physiology of the lymphatic system.","volume":"50","author":"Swartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.12.005","article-title":"Development and aging of the lymphatic vascular system.","volume":"169","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Loyola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00898-0","article-title":"The lymphatic vascular system: much more than just a sewer.","volume":"12","author":"Wilting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03042-3","article-title":"Establishment and maintenance of blood-lymph separation.","volume":"76","author":"Janardhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13167","article-title":"Anatomy of the lymphovenous valve of the thoracic duct in humans.","volume":"236","author":"O\u2019Hagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.246","article-title":"Building the drains: the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease.","volume":"5","author":"Venero Galanternik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306544","article-title":"Lymphatic system in cardiovascular medicine.","volume":"118","author":"Aspelund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01042-9","article-title":"Biomechanical control of lymphatic vessel physiology and functions.","volume":"20","author":"Angeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a041272","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041272","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms driving lymphedema and other lymphatic anomalies.","volume":"12","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182450b2d","article-title":"Regulation of adipogenesis by lymphatic fluid stasis: part I. Adipogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation.","volume":"129","author":"Zampell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-023-05180-z","article-title":"[Obesity and secondary lymphedema].","volume":"74","author":"Faerber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatologie"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04875.x","article-title":"The molecular control of adipogenesis, with special reference to lymphatic pathology.","volume":"979","author":"Rosen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00489-x","article-title":"The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration.","volume":"18","author":"Klaourakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/20173308022","article-title":"[Cardiac lymphatic system].","volume":"33","author":"Garmy-Susini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-024-00739-6","article-title":"The lymphatic highway: how lymphatics drive lung health and disease.","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo7649","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo7649","article-title":"Transforming the understanding of brain immunity.","volume":"380","author":"Castellani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220411091332","article-title":"The lymphatic system in the brain clearance mechanisms - new therapeutic perspectives for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Chachaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"98","article-title":"The lymphatic vascular system: secondary or primary?","volume":"37","author":"Wilting","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lymphology."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006445","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006445","article-title":"The new era of the lymphatic system: no longer secondary to the blood vascular system.","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0062","article-title":"LIMPRINT in Italy.","volume":"19","author":"Cestari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072546","article-title":"Histopathologic features of lymphedema: a molecular review.","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2020.03.20","article-title":"The impact of radiation on lymphedema: a review of the literature.","volume":"9","author":"Allam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363811","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1363811","article-title":"Molecular pathophysiology of secondary lymphedema.","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.167677","article-title":"The microenvironment of secondary lymphedema. The key to finding effective treatments?","volume":"1871","author":"Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a041274","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041274","article-title":"Lymphatic vascular permeability.","volume":"12","author":"Scallan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.260042","article-title":"Permeability and contractile responses of collecting lymphatic vessels elicited by atrial and brain natriuretic peptides.","volume":"591","author":"Scallan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050894","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of primary lymphedema.","volume":"59","author":"Senger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0620-8925","article-title":"Vascular anomalies (Part I): classification and diagnostics of vascular anomalies.","volume":"190","author":"Sadick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Lymphedema.","author":"Sleigh","year":"2025"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0090","article-title":"Lymphatic collecting vessels in health and disease: a review of histopathological modifications in lymphedema.","volume":"20","author":"Weber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2017.08.001","article-title":"Surgical intervention for lymphedema.","volume":"27","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2010.231","article-title":"Risk factors for lymphedema in a prospective breast cancer survivorship study: the Pathways Study.","volume":"145","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0004-8666.2003.00040.x","article-title":"Aetiology and prevalence of lower limb lymphoedema following treatment for gynaecological cancer.","volume":"43","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35326","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35326","article-title":"Chronic venous insufficiency and lymphedema with papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica, hyperkeratosis, and skin ulcers: a case report.","volume":"15","author":"Senanayake","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2016.0001","article-title":"Prospective study of the lymphedema and fibrosis continuum in patients with head and neck cancer.","volume":"14","author":"Ridner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600801","article-title":"Measuring edema in irradiated head and neck cancer patients.","volume":"116","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2458\/lymph.4649","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2020 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology.","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lymphology."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310916","article-title":"How to cross the lymphatic fence: lessons from solute transport.","volume":"120","author":"Kalucka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.25259\/jsstd_5_2021","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of secondary lymphedema.","volume":"3","author":"Jayasree","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Skin Sexually Transmit Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713441","article-title":"Lymphatic imaging: current noninvasive and invasive techniques.","volume":"37","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"43","article-title":"The third circulation: radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphedema.","volume":"44","author":"Szuba","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6363","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6363","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphy for evaluation of lymphedema treatment: a systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25526","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphy for the diagnosis of extremity lymphedema: current controversies regarding protocol, interpretation, and clinical application.","volume":"121","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318307","article-title":"Advances in lymphedema.","volume":"128","author":"Rockson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182a4d626","article-title":"A prospective analysis of 100 consecutive lymphovenous bypass cases for treatment of extremity lymphedema.","volume":"132","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00396-2","article-title":"Indocyanine green lymphangiography is superior to clinical staging in breast cancer-related lymphedema.","volume":"11","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1667366","article-title":"Exercise-loaded indocyanine green fluorescence lymphangiography for diagnosing lymphedema.","volume":"35","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2017.01.020","article-title":"Indocyanine green applications in plastic surgery: a review of the literature.","volume":"70","author":"Burnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-017-1863-2","article-title":"Modern techniques of lymphangiography and interventions: current status and future development.","volume":"41","author":"Itkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28496","article-title":"MRI of lymphedema.","volume":"57","author":"Salehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549133","article-title":"Noncontrast magnetic resonance lymphography.","volume":"32","author":"Arriv\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.05.053","article-title":"Ultra-High frequency ultrasound imaging of lymphatic channels correlates with their histological features: a step forward in lymphatic surgery.","volume":"73","author":"Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555211002340","article-title":"Ultrasound criteria for lipedema diagnosis.","volume":"36","author":"Amato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2253-9859","article-title":"Surgical treatment for primary lymphedema: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"51","author":"Gaxiola-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"143","article-title":"Surgical management of lymphedema.","volume":"117","author":"Kareh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mo Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1328","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001328","article-title":"Lymphaticovenous bypass: adaptations and lessons learned.","volume":"5","author":"Baltzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002683","article-title":"Lymphedema: surgical and medical therapy.","volume":"138","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005993","article-title":"Surgical treatment of lymphedema.","volume":"144","author":"Schaverien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02421-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of complete decongestive therapy for upper extremity breast cancer-related lymphedema: a review of systematic reviews.","volume":"41","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-023-07843-y","article-title":"The effect of complex decongestive physiotherapy applied with different compression pressures on skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness in individuals with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a double-blinded randomized comparison trial.","volume":"31","author":"Duygu-Yildiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6620","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-025-17463-x","article-title":"Educational review: management of lymphedema-approaches, evidence for surgical and nonsurgical interventions.","volume":"32","author":"Anzai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000538940","article-title":"Comparison of intermittent pneumatic compression pump as adjunct to decongestive lymphatic therapy against decongestive therapy alone for upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2674","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002674","article-title":"Evolution in surgical management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: the MD Anderson cancer center experience.","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000001088","article-title":"Supermicrosurgical lymphovenous anastomosis.","volume":"87","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25243","article-title":"Supermicrosurgery: principles and applications.","volume":"118","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21608\/aimj.2021.73401.1461","article-title":"Evaluation of Free vascularized groin lymph nodes transfer for treatment of secondary upper limb lymphedema.","volume":"2","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Int Med J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9040162","article-title":"Lymphatic tissue bioengineering for the treatment of postsurgical lymphedema.","volume":"9","author":"Sung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000210","article-title":"Outcomes after microsurgical treatment of lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"109","author":"Meuli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02576-2","article-title":"Advances in surgical management of chronic lymphedema: current strategies and future directions.","volume":"42","author":"Sanka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.7507\/1002-1892.202506113","article-title":"Single-stage treatment of upper limb lymphedema following breast cancer surgery using superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator-based vascularized lymph node transfer combined with lymphaticovenular anastomosis and liposuction.","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S159380","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of complex decongestive therapy and compression bandaging as a method of treatment of lymphedema in the elderly.","volume":"13","author":"Zasadzka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10338","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210338","article-title":"Effect of manual lymphatic drainage on the concentrations of selected adipokines, cytokines, c-reactive protein and parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with abnormal body mass index: focus on markers of obesity and insulin resistance.","volume":"24","author":"Antoniak-Pietrynczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg126","article-title":"Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem.","volume":"96","author":"Moffatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020231","article-title":"Predictors of the efficacy of lymphedema decongestive therapy.","volume":"61","author":"Dzupina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2018.3539","article-title":"Lymphedema diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up from the view point of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists.","volume":"64","author":"Borman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2010.15.Sup3.47365","article-title":"Manual lymphatic drainage: exploring the history and evidence base.","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Community Nurs"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051111","article-title":"The effects of exercise-based interventions on fluid overload symptoms in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665012","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1665012","article-title":"Effect of home exercise on prevention and treatment of lymphedema in breast cancer patients.","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200091","DOI":"10.1590\/1677-5449.200091","article-title":"Conservative treatment of lymphedema: the state of the art.","volume":"20","author":"Bergmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Bras"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2013.0033","article-title":"The effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in long-term therapy of lymphedema of lower limbs.","volume":"12","author":"Zaleska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-013-0481-3","article-title":"Efficacy of manual lymphatic drainage and intermittent pneumatic compression pump use in the treatment of lymphedema after mastectomy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"22","author":"Uzkeser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-23-503","article-title":"Surgical treatment algorithm for breast cancer lymphedema-a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Lilja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635116","article-title":"Liposuction treatment of lymphedema.","volume":"32","author":"Schaverien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690309200409","article-title":"Liposuction in arm lymphedema treatment.","volume":"92","author":"Brorson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/14574969241300101","article-title":"Modern surgical treatments for lymphedema.","volume":"114","author":"Kearns","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828513","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.828513","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of secondary lymphedema.","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147614","article-title":"Emerging anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy and cell-based therapy for lymphedema.","volume":"23","author":"Ogino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12609-023-00491-5","article-title":"The future of lymphedema: potential therapeutic targets for treatment.","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Breast Cancer Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02632-y","article-title":"Cell therapy as a treatment of secondary lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Lafuente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073907","article-title":"The role of inflammation in lymphedema: a narrative review of pathogenesis and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.","volume":"25","author":"Bowman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123775","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123775","article-title":"Pilot studies demonstrate the potential benefits of antiinflammatory therapy in human lymphedema.","volume":"3","author":"Rockson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5638","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5638","article-title":"Use of autologous blood components in lymphedema treatment: a systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2006.00198.x","article-title":"Lymphedema diagnosis and management.","volume":"19","author":"Gary","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Nurse Pract"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.24248\/eahrj.v3i2.605","article-title":"Lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment is associated with higher body mass index: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"3","author":"Manirakiza","year":"2019","journal-title":"East Afr Health Res J"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172768","article-title":"Targeting lymphedema in overweight breast cancer survivors: a pilot randomized controlled trial of diet and exercise intervention.","volume":"17","author":"Ruiz-Molina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.10.010","article-title":"Lymphoid tissue engineering: invoking lymphoid tissue neogenesis in immunotherapy and models of immunity.","volume":"20","author":"Irvine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2001537","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001537","article-title":"Engineering the lymphatic network: a solution to lymphedema.","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-018-0122-7","article-title":"Lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.","volume":"12","author":"Alderfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Eng"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.07.023","article-title":"Cell and tissue engineering in lymph nodes for cancer immunotherapy.","volume":"16","author":"Najibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46080543","article-title":"Two decades of advances and limitations in organ recellularization.","volume":"46","author":"Stoian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14304\/surya.jpr.v1n5.3","article-title":"Tissue engineering the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs.","volume":"1","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postdoc J."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.07.059","article-title":"Tissue-engineered lymphatic graft for the treatment of lymphedema.","volume":"192","author":"Kanapathy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537050","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1537050","article-title":"Tissue engineering approaches for lymphedema: biomaterial innovations and clinical potential.","volume":"13","author":"Deshpande","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2016.0034","article-title":"Lymphatic vessels in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.","volume":"22","author":"Schaupper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101534","article-title":"Innovations in lymph node targeting nanocarriers.","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-092222-034906","article-title":"Nanotechnologies for physiology-informed drug delivery to the lymphatic system.","volume":"25","author":"Maisel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65121-3","article-title":"Reconstruction of the lymphatic system by transplantation of a centrifuge-based bioengineered lymphatic tissue.","volume":"16","author":"Obana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.10.004","article-title":"Lymphatic immunomodulation using engineered drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy.","volume":"160","author":"Manspeaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.18053\/jctres.08.202203.010","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and lymphedema: state of the art.","volume":"8","author":"Eldaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Res."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21185","article-title":"Engineered blood and lymphatic capillaries in 3-D VEGF-fibrin-collagen matrices with interstitial flow.","volume":"96","author":"Helm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1039\/d2an00396a","article-title":"Intracellular calcium dynamics of lymphatic endothelial and muscle cells co-cultured in a Lymphangion-Chip under pulsatile flow.","volume":"147","author":"Selahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i7.676","article-title":"Application and prospect of adipose stem cell transplantation in treating lymphedema.","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092902","article-title":"Hydrogels: properties and applications in biomedicine.","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06935-7","article-title":"Multi-parameter tunable synthetic matrix for engineering lymphatic vessels.","volume":"7","author":"Alderfer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21498","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002426RR","article-title":"Matrix stiffness primes lymphatic tube formation directed by vascular endothelial growth factor-C.","volume":"35","author":"Alderfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2209476","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209476","article-title":"Enzymatically crosslinked collagen as a versatile matrix for in vitro and in vivo co-engineering of blood and lymphatic vasculature.","volume":"35","author":"R\u00fctsche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121483","article-title":"Synthetic hydrogels engineered to promote collecting lymphatic vessel sprouting.","volume":"284","author":"Hooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667154","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1667154","article-title":"Extracellular matrix stiffness regulates the proliferation and migration capacities of lymphatic endothelial cells via FAT1.","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2023.0204","article-title":"Progenitor cell sources for 3D bioprinting of lymphatic vessels and potential clinical application.","volume":"30","author":"Arriola-Alvarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025140124","DOI":"10.36922\/ijb025140124","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of 3D bioprinted mesenchymal stem cell-based artificial lymph nodes in lymphedema treatment.","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Bioprint."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70056","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70056","article-title":"Decellularized lymph node scaffolds accelerate restoration of lymphatic drainage in rat hind limb lymphedema.","volume":"10","author":"Jian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2013.0054","article-title":"Decellularized lymph nodes as scaffolds for tissue engineered lymph nodes.","volume":"13","author":"Cuzzone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.13.110","article-title":"Tissue engineering and regeneration of lymphatic structures.","volume":"9","author":"Weitman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2023.08.015","article-title":"Biomaterials in the clinical treatment of lymphedema-a systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"Drobot","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00343","article-title":"Application of tissue engineering to the immune system: development of artificial lymph nodes.","volume":"3","author":"Cupedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122420","article-title":"An engineered lymph node comprising porous collagen scaffold with hybridized biological signals embedded in B cell membrane coatings.","volume":"304","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1515\/iss-2018-0003","article-title":"Effect of cryopreservation on lymph node fragment regeneration after autologous transplantation in the minipig model.","volume":"3","author":"Hadamitzky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innov Surg Sci"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28782-0","article-title":"Decellularized lymph node sections with preserved extracellular matrix for stromal cell culture.","volume":"16","author":"Esparza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34990","article-title":"Crosslinking of collagen scaffolds promotes blood and lymphatic vascular stability.","volume":"102","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102367","article-title":"Three-dimensional modelling of lymphangiogenesis in-vitro using bioorthogonal click-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels.","volume":"35","author":"Al-Ansari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20417314251360755","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314251360755","article-title":"Transplantation of engineered vascularized lymphatic tissue using LEC and in vivo AV loop model to enhance lymphangiogenesis and restore lymphatic drainage in a lymphadenectomy rat model.","volume":"16","author":"Mackert","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2019.04.021","article-title":"Therapeutic regeneration of lymphatic and immune cell functions upon lympho-organoid transplantation.","volume":"12","author":"Lenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32473-z","article-title":"Recellularized lymph node scaffolds with human adipose-derived stem cells enhance lymph node regeneration to improve lymphedema.","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030656","article-title":"Breaking a vicious circle: lymphangiogenesis as a new therapeutic target in wound healing.","volume":"11","author":"Ren\u00f2","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.04.003","article-title":"Cytokines regulating lymphangiogenesis.","volume":"53","author":"S\u00e1inz-Jaspeado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041169","article-title":"Current status of lymphangiogenesis: molecular mechanism, immune tolerance, and application prospect.","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0390","article-title":"Cell-based therapy for therapeutic lymphangiogenesis.","volume":"24","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2020.0012","article-title":"Utilization of vascular endothelial growth factor-C156S in therapeutic lymphangiogenesis: a systematic review.","volume":"20","author":"Forte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2006.4.83","article-title":"Lymphatic endothelial cells, lymphangiogenesis, and extracellular matrix.","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.025","article-title":"Tissue-engineered 3D human lymphatic microvascular network for in vitro studies of lymphangiogenesis.","volume":"12","author":"Gibot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2012.04.002","article-title":"Role of bone marrow-derived lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells for lymphatic neovascularization.","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2017.0027","article-title":"Stem cell therapy using bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in treatment of lower limb lymphedema: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","volume":"16","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9636897241260195","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897241260195","article-title":"Efficacy of neonatal porcine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell xenotransplantation for the therapy of hind limb lymphedema in mice.","volume":"33","author":"Morita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042356","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells: angiogenetic potential and utility in tissue engineering.","volume":"25","author":"Biniazan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2021.00339","article-title":"Use of adipose-derived stem cells in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.","volume":"48","author":"Forte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000084","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells promote proliferation, migration, and tube formation of lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro by secreting lymphangiogenic factors.","volume":"74","author":"Takeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010388","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells relieve extremity lymphedema in mouse models.","volume":"152","author":"Tashiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.111816","article-title":"Human adipose-derived stem cells support lymphangiogenesis in vitro by secretion of lymphangiogenic factors.","volume":"388","author":"Ahmadzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10295","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2024.10295","article-title":"Engineering ADSCs by manipulating YAP for lymphedema treatment in a mouse tail model.","volume":"249","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34280-0","article-title":"Exosomes derived from ADSCs suppress the fibrosis process of derma in secondary lymphedema.","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.09.001","article-title":"Impact of platelet rich plasma and adipose stem cells on lymphangiogenesis in a murine tail lymphedema model.","volume":"102","author":"Ackermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2020.0011","article-title":"Use of vascular endothelial growth factor-D As a targeted therapy in lymphedema treatment: a comprehensive literature review.","volume":"20","author":"Forte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e155478","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI155478","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis requires Ang2\/Tie\/PI3K signaling for VEGFR3 cell-surface expression.","volume":"132","author":"Korhonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2015.0231","article-title":"Lymphatic vascular regeneration: the next step in tissue engineering.","volume":"22","author":"Huethorst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2022.67","article-title":"Nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds for lymphedema treatment: current applications and future directions.","volume":"9","author":"Yesantharao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plastic Aesthetic Res."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26041-0","article-title":"Networked lymphatic endothelial cells in a transplanted cell sheet contribute to form functional lymphatic vessels.","volume":"12","author":"Nagahara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X17666220607122742","article-title":"Lymphatic regulation in tissue repair and regeneration: recent advances and future perspective.","volume":"18","author":"Bei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2310043","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310043","article-title":"In vivo stimulation of therapeutic antigen-specific T cells in an artificial lymph node matrix.","volume":"36","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Mater"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1851346\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1785932386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1851346\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":177,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1851346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1851346","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1851346"}}