{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:01:53Z","timestamp":1782975713207,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been widely used in wound care, yet the optimal application mode\u2014continuous, intermittent, or dynamic\u2014remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to compare the effects of different NPWT modes on wound-healing-related outcomes and to provide evidence for mode selection in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across 11 databases\u2014PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ProQuest, CINAHL, Web of Science, CENTRAL, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and WANFANG\u2014from 1997 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten clinical studies and 15 animal studies were included. Clinical studies involved both acute and chronic wounds, whereas animal studies mainly used full-thickness skin wound models. Reported outcomes included clinical efficacy, wound microenvironment, and molecular-level changes. Current evidence suggests that continuous, intermittent, and dynamic NPWT may influence wound healing in different ways. Compared with continuous NPWT, the two non-continuous modes\u2014intermittent NPWT and dynamic NPWT\u2014appeared to offer potential advantages in selected outcomes, particularly with respect to wound healing speed, tissue perfusion, and granulation-related responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to substantial heterogeneity in wound types, parameter settings, outcome measures, and study designs, the available evidence remains insufficient to establish a definitive ranking among NPWT modes or to determine optimal treatment parameters. Future research should focus on large-scale, high-quality, multicenter studies with refined wound-type stratification and greater standardization of pressure parameters and outcome measures to clarify the mode-specific effects, indications, and parameter settings of NPWT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1853536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:34:42Z","timestamp":1782970482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different negative pressure wound therapy modes on wound healing: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cuiyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2023.2232256","article-title":"Chronic wound prevalence and the associated cost of treatment in Medicare beneficiaries: changes between 2014 and 2019","volume":"26","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12683","article-title":"The humanistic and economic burden of chronic wounds: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Olsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199706000-00002","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience","volume":"38","author":"Argenta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199706000-00001","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation","volume":"38","author":"Morykwas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2023.0157","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy: challenges, novel techniques, and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Keenan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200506030-00005","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical applications of the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device: a review","volume":"6","author":"Venturi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12052","article-title":"How mechanical deformations contribute to the effectiveness of negative-pressure wound therapy","volume":"21","author":"Daigle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181ba578a","article-title":"Micro- and macromechanical effects on the wound bed of negative pressure wound therapy using gauze and foam","volume":"64","author":"Borgquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731792","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy: mechanism of action and clinical applications","volume":"35","author":"Normandin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10830","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-2476","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14876","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.12.020","article-title":"Negative-pressure therapy versus conventional therapy on split-thickness skin graft: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032400","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy and traditional dressing: an Italian health technology assessment evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Nicolazzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111813","article-title":"The effectiveness of negative pressure therapy: nursing approach","volume":"12","author":"Astasio-Picado","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00852-5","article-title":"Application of comfort therapy under eCASH concept in acute and chronic wound treatment","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3109\/2000656x.2012.748667","article-title":"Influence of continuous or intermittent negative pressure on bacterial proliferation potency in vitro","volume":"47","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"Page","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.23.0034","article-title":"RoBANS 2: a revised risk of Bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies of interventions","volume":"44","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE'S risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7454.1490","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"328","author":"Atkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"25","article-title":"Comparison of two wound negative pressure therapy modes in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Sci Technol Period Database"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Comparison of the Therapeutic Effects of Two Negative Pressure Wound Modes on Diabetic Foot Ulcer [Master]","author":"Jieming","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2009.04.005","article-title":"A comparative study of the clinical effects between two kinds of negative-pressure wound therapy","volume":"25","author":"Kaixuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"474","article-title":"Clinical observation of 40 cases of diabetic foot ulcer treated with intermittent low negative pressure wound therapy","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese J Health Care Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.32.022","article-title":"effect of intermittent vacuum sealing drainage on traumatic skin defects","volume":"19","author":"Hongping","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yi Xue Chuang Xin Zhong Guo"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.16281\/j.cnki.jocml.2017.20.03","article-title":"Application of improved intermittent vacuum sealing drainage intreatment of refractory wounds","volume":"4","author":"Guoping","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr J Clin Med Literature"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"39","article-title":"Curative effect of VAC and VSD on diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"39","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Baotou Med Coll"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn501120-20200316-00173","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and influencing factors of different modes of continuous negative pressure wound therapy on venous ulcer wounds of lower limbs","volume":"36","author":"Minlie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"38","article-title":"Comparison of different negative pressure wound therapyin the repair of diabetes foot","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Mei Rong Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31820a63cb","article-title":"Waveform modulation of negative-pressure wound therapy in the murine model","volume":"127","author":"Dastouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"e43","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic evaluation of tissue quality of porcine wounds treated with negative pressure wound therapy in continuous, noncontinuous, and instillation modes","volume":"14","author":"Derrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88e","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000005104","article-title":"Flap preconditioning with the cyclic mode (triangular waveform) of pressure-controlled cupping in a rat model: an alternative mode to the continuous system","volume":"143","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"e5","article-title":"The effects of variable, intermittent, and continuous negative pressure wound therapy, using foam or gauze, on wound contraction, granulation tissue formation, and ingrowth into the wound filler","volume":"12","author":"Malmsj\u00f6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"222","article-title":"The effects of negative pressure wound therapy on VEGF and angiogenesis in deep dermal burn injury: an experimental study","volume":"36","author":"Seswandhana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103367","article-title":"The effect of NPWT in wound healing and bacterial count on deep dermal burn injury model: an experimental study","volume":"75","author":"Resadita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"60","article-title":"The effect of intermittent and variable negative pressure wound therapy on wound edge microvascular blood flow","volume":"56","author":"Borgquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12201","article-title":"Cyclic negative pressure wound therapy: an alternative mode to intermittent system","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13865","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13865","article-title":"Continuous negative-pressure wound therapy improves the survival rate of skin grafts and shortens the time required for skin graft survival","volume":"30","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"e51","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of different negative pressure wound therapy modes-continuous, noncontinuous, and with instillation-on porcine excisional wounds","volume":"13","author":"Lessing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Effects of Pulse Regulation Technique in Negative Pressure Sealing Drainage on Promoting Wound Healing in Rats [Master]","author":"Minghan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"3463","article-title":"Effect of negative pressure wound therapy on adipose derived stem cells migration behavior","volume":"46","author":"Xiaoming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chongqing Yi Xue"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"553","article-title":"Effect of closed negative pressure therapy on improving the quality of cosmetic suture wound healing","volume":"49","author":"Bin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shaanxi Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1456","article-title":"The study of vacuum modes with different treatment efficacy in the negative pressure wound therapy","volume":"43","author":"Hao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shaanxi Med J"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effects of closed negative pressure therapy on deep second-degree burn wounds in pigs","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chinese J Injury Repair Wound Heal"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2018.11.021","article-title":"Advances in the research of the relationship between wound temperature and wound healing","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000725220.92976.a7","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in wound healing: from the cellular and molecular level to the clinic","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01501-9","article-title":"Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Di","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.072","article-title":"Effects of cyclic stretch on proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation to smooth muscle cells","volume":"388","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"152","article-title":"Wound management with variable intermittent or continuous negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT): interim results from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Forlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12863","article-title":"Negative-pressure wound therapy for III\/IV pressure injuries: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"50","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of negative pressure wound therapy compared with traditional wound care in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in Iran","volume":"33","author":"Alipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7547\/0003-0538-104.2.147","article-title":"Evaluation of wound care and health-care use costs in patients with diabetic foot ulcers treated with negative pressure wound therapy versus advanced moist wound therapy","volume":"104","author":"Driver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1853536\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:34:50Z","timestamp":1782970490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1853536\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1853536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1853536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"article-number":"1853536"}}