{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:08:55Z","timestamp":1780463335209,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"Wu Jieping Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate the clinical outcomes of autologous regenerative cell therapy for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases. Data analysis was performed using RevMan and Stata. The primary outcomes were cure and improvement rate. Secondary outcomes included pad test, leakage frequency, questionnaire scores, quality of life, urodynamic parameters, loss to follow-up rate, and adverse events. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted based on heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, begg test, and egger test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 19 studies encompassing 591 patients were included. The meta-analysis showed that regenerative cell therapy was associated with a pooled cure rate of 41% and a pooled improvement rate of 55% (17 studies). Regenerative cell therapy significantly reduced pad test, decreased leakage frequency, and improved incontinence-specific questionnaires and quality of life. In terms of urodynamic parameters, post-void residual volume was significantly improved, while no significant improvements were observed in maximum urethral closure pressure or maximum flow rate. The loss to follow-up rate and adverse events were no more than 8%. Significant heterogeneity was observed across all outcome measures. Subgroup analysis showed no significant differences and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Funnel plots suggested potential publication bias, but begg test and egger test were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autologous regenerative cell therapy for female SUI achieved a 41% cure rate and 55% improvement rate, improved symptoms and quality of life, and demonstrated favorable short-term safety. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to short follow-up, lack of magnetic resonance imaging evidence for regeneration, significant heterogeneity, and low-to-moderate study quality. Future large-sample randomized controlled trials with standardized study protocols are needed to further validate these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The registration URL is as follows:\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , PROSPERO (CRD420261345945).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1861606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:50:28Z","timestamp":1780462228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autologous regenerative cell therapy for female stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiemei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Precision and Clinical Translation Medicine, Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Biobank and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaofeng","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Precision and Clinical Translation Medicine, Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Biobank and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingchi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Precision and Clinical Translation Medicine, Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Engineering Technology Research Center of Clinical Biobank and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Jiangmen Central Hospital","place":["Jiangmen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Transformation and Application Key Lab for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Reproductive Medicine of Jiangmen","place":["Jiangmen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04220-w","article-title":"Progress of mesenchymal stem cells affecting extracellular matrix metabolism in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09993.x","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence estimates of lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction","volume":"108","author":"Irwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.12.012","article-title":"A population-based survey of the prevalence, potential risk factors, and symptom-specific bother of lower urinary tract symptoms in adult Chinese women","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2003.04609.x","article-title":"The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries","volume":"93","author":"Hunskaar","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063401","article-title":"Molecular processes in stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review of human and animal studies","volume":"23","author":"Post","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000003435","article-title":"Updates to surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI): AUA\/SUFU guideline (2023)","volume":"209","author":"Kobashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.8751","article-title":"Canadian urological association guideline: female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"18","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Canadian Urolog Assoc J= Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2024.114280","article-title":"Heterogeneity in extracellular matrix and immune microenvironment of anterior vaginal wall revealed by single-cell sequencing in women with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"442","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090386","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1090386","article-title":"Advances in the molecular pathogenesis and cell therapy of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.56434\/j.arch.esp.urol.20247705.67","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety meta-analysis of different surgical approaches for female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15060214","article-title":"PRP therapy for stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse: a new frontier in personalized treatment?","volume":"15","author":"Pitsillidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-023-05514-4","article-title":"Transurethral injection of autologous muscle precursor cells for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a prospective phase I clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Schmid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216040","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in the pathogenesis and therapy of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases","volume":"24","author":"Zaripova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007703","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1007703","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20998","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for external urethral sphincter restoration in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"30","author":"Corcos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04708-y","article-title":"Long-term effects of muscle-derived stem cell therapy on the regeneration of the urethra of female rats","volume":"33","author":"Bilhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-025-04628-6","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes for stress urinary incontinence: a novel in vivo therapeutic approach","volume":"58","author":"Hamed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X17666220616100621","article-title":"Regenerative medicine-based treatment of stress urinary incontinence with mesenchymal stem cells: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Mariotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2020.1805654","article-title":"Regenerated cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence: a Meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Investigative Surg: Official J Acad Surg Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0342452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342452","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for female stress urinary incontinence: results, limitations and lessons learned from a pilot clinical study","volume":"21","author":"Souza","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"szaf039","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szaf039","article-title":"Autologous muscle precursor cell injection into the bladder neck improves the symptoms of stress urinary incontinence in adult females","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JURO.2018.02.2105","article-title":"Concomitant transurethral and transvaginal-periurethral injection of autologous adipose derived stem cells for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a phase one clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Arjmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1963-0","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided autologous myoblast injections into the extrinsic urethral sphincter: tissue engineering for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"24","author":"Blaganje","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0553-z","article-title":"1-year follow-up of autologous muscle-derived stem cell injection pilot study to treat stress urinary incontinence","volume":"19","author":"Carr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.09.028","article-title":"Autologous muscle derived cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence: a prospective, dose ranging study","volume":"189","author":"Carr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.005","article-title":"Intraurethral injection of autologous minced skeletal muscle: a simple surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence","volume":"192","author":"Gr\u00e4s","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-2005-8","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of autologous muscle derived cells in female subjects with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"50","author":"Jankowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0197","article-title":"Autologous adipose stem cells in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: results of a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Kuismanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.6.813","article-title":"Human cord blood stem cell therapy for treatment of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07119.x","article-title":"Autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts for female stress incontinence: a 1-year follow-up in 123 patients","volume":"100","author":"Mitterberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.07.026","article-title":"Adult stem cell therapy of female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"53","author":"Mitterberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.02.047","article-title":"Autologous muscle derived cells for treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women","volume":"192","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1255-5","article-title":"Intrasphincteric injections of autologous muscular cells in women with refractory stress urinary incontinence: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"S\u00e8be","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13097","article-title":"Effect of autologous muscle-derived cells in the treatment of urinary incontinence in female patients with intrinsic sphincter deficiency and epispadias: a prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Sharifiaghdas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.22037\/uj.v0i0.4736","article-title":"Autologous muscle-derived cell injection for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a single- arm clinical trial with 24-months follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Sharifiaghdas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22301","article-title":"A novel cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence, short-term outcome","volume":"32","author":"Shirvan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22404","article-title":"Autologous muscle-derived cells for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a 2-year follow-up of a polish investigation","volume":"33","author":"Stangel-Wojcikiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.17772\/gp\/61330","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in female patients 2 and 4 years after muscle-derived cell transplants for stress urinary incontinence treatment","volume":"87","author":"Stangel-Wojcikiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11682.x","article-title":"Periurethral skeletal myofibre implantation in patients with urinary incontinence and intrinsic sphincter deficiency: a phase I clinical trial","volume":"111","author":"Yiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13886","article-title":"Treatment of male stress urinary incontinence using autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells: long-term efficacy and safety","volume":"26","author":"Gotoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2024.07.016","article-title":"Predictors and outcomes of mid-urethral sling continence surgeries for stress urinary incontinence among Taiwanese women: what works best?","volume":"63","author":"Lo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73136","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.73136","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of artificial urinary sphincters in female patients with stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Estaphanous","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517962","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1517962","article-title":"Conservative treatments for women with stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fjurol.2026.103098","article-title":"10-year evolution of the number of surgeries for female urinary incontinence and mid-urethral sling revisions in France (2015-2024)","author":"Pierre-Luc","year":"2026","journal-title":"French J Urol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05169-7","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates for depression in women with urinary incontinence: a cross-sectional study","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0273-4","article-title":"Regenerative medicine and injection therapies in stress urinary incontinence","volume":"17","author":"Hillary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84009","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.84009","article-title":"Critical appraisal of evidence on platelet-rich plasma and stem cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Ishfaq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3016","article-title":"Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: from roots to boost","volume":"37","author":"Andrzejewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9628536","article-title":"Challenges and controversies in human mesenchymal stem cell therapy","volume":"2019","author":"Lukomska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1861606\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:50:41Z","timestamp":1780462241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1861606\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1861606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1861606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"article-number":"1861606"}}