{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:06:16Z","timestamp":1783926376705,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Human rhinovirus\/enterovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>HRV\/HEV<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) members of the\n                    <jats:italic>Picornaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family are traditionally associated with self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections. However, increasing evidence suggests their potential to involve the lower respiratory tract and contribute to severe pulmonary disease.\n                    <jats:italic>HRV\/HEV<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections are frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection and the development of complicated pneumonia. This case report presents a case of a 64-year-old male welder admitted to the intensive care unit with severe right lobar pneumonia and profound hypoxemia. Microbiological investigations confirmed invasive pneumococcal disease with\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteremia, alongside concomitant\n                    <jats:italic>HRV\/HEV<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. This viral-bacterial interplay induced a dysregulated systemic inflammatory response along with coagulopathy, respiratory failure, and other multiorgan dysfunction, fulfilling Sepsis-3 criteria. Despite early initiation of targeted intravenous antibiotic therapy, the clinical course was prolonged and fluctuating. This case highlights the potential severity of\n                    <jats:italic>human rhinovirus\/enterovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    coinfection with invasive pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , contributing to complicated pneumonia and sepsis. It also underscores the increased susceptibility of welders\u2014particularly those with additional risk factors such as smoking and inadequate vaccination\u2014to invasive pneumococcal disease. Early recognition of viral\u2013bacterial coinfection and prompt management of sepsis are critical to improving clinical outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1864223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:19:42Z","timestamp":1783923582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Severe pneumococcal pneumonia with human rhinovirus\/enterovirus coinfection leading to sepsis in a welder: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pavlina","family":"Peneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University","place":["Varna, Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Kossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University","place":["Varna, 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