{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:29:53Z","timestamp":1787243393419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antibiotic resistance remains a major challenge in the management of\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection. Microbiota-based interventions, including washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), have emerged as potential adjunctive strategies; however, their clinical outcomes in\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and associated host immune alterations remain insufficiently characterized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective observational study included two independent cohorts from January 2020 to January 2025. The WMT outcome cohort comprised patients with baseline\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity who completed WMT and had available post-treatment reassessment. Patients receiving prior or concomitant standard\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      eradication therapy were excluded. Post-WMT\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      status was assessed, and safety outcomes were recorded. The peripheral blood immune profiling cohort included individuals with confirmed\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      status and available peripheral blood samples. Circulating innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets, including ILC2s and integrin \u03b14\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ILC2s, were analyzed by flow cytometry, and their associations with clinical phenotypes and post-WMT\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      status were explored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The WMT cohort included 42 patients [mean age, 56.60\u202f\u00b1\u202f14.65\u202fyears; 30 men (71.43%)]. During a median follow-up of 196.5\u202fdays (IQR, 44.5\u2013595.0\u202fdays), 23 patients achieved post-WMT\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative conversion, corresponding to an observed conversion proportion of 54.76% (23\/42; exact 95% CI, 38.67\u201370.15%). Ninety-six WMT procedures were performed, with adverse events occurring in 5 procedures involving 5 patients. In the immune profiling cohort, patients with\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection exhibited higher circulating ILC2 and integrin \u03b14\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ILC2 proportions and lower ILC1 proportions than healthy controls. Circulating ILC2-related parameters were associated with selected infection-related clinical features, including anti\u2013\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibody levels and virulence-factor status. In available post-WMT immune samples, lower circulating ILC2 proportions were observed compared with available baseline samples, and patients with subsequent\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative conversion showed lower circulating ILC2 proportions than those with persistent positivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this retrospective uncontrolled study, WMT exposure was associated with subsequent\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative conversion and a low recorded adverse-event rate. Alterations in circulating ILC2-related profiles were associated with\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection status and post-WMT outcomes. These findings provide preliminary observational evidence supporting further investigation of WMT as an adjunctive microbiota-based strategy and of circulating ILC2-related parameters as potential immune biomarkers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1869367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:18:57Z","timestamp":1787242737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Washed microbiota transplantation is associated with Helicobacter pylori-negative conversion and circulating group 2 innate lymphoid cell profiles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi-Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Fei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Ning","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Jie","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"The Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Xiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology\/Microbiota Medicine, Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15751","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.05.001","article-title":"Microbiota and gastric cancer","volume":"86","author":"Bessede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327745","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the 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