{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:18:19Z","timestamp":1783491499882,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary tuberculosis is a major cause of respiratory morbidity worldwide, and pulmonary function impairment is increasingly recognized as an important consequence of the disease. However, the functional patterns of pulmonary impairment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pulmonary infection, especially in hospitalized populations, remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to describe pulmonary function impairment patterns in such patients and to explore their clinical correlates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center retrospective cross-sectional study included hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pulmonary infection who were admitted between November 2024 and October 2025, underwent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and had interpretable pulmonary function results. The analysis was retrospective because all study variables were extracted from pre-existing hospitalization records and database entries rather than being prospectively collected for the present pulmonary function study. Although the parent project is an ongoing prospective study with follow-up, no longitudinal follow-up data were used in the present analysis. Clinical, laboratory, immunologic, gas-exchange, microbiological, and pulmonary function data were extracted from the institutional database and electronic medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 72 patients were included. Pulmonary function abnormalities were common. Diffusion impairment was the most frequent phenotype, occurring in 37 patients (51.4%), followed by reduced respiratory reserve in 36 (50.0%) and obstructive ventilatory impairment in 30 (41.7%). Restrictive ventilatory impairment, mixed ventilatory impairment, and small airway dysfunction were less common. Patients with diffusion impairment were more likely to be male than those without diffusion impairment (73.0% vs. 42.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019), and smoking history showed a borderline between-group difference. Patients with reduced respiratory reserve had significantly higher IL-6 levels than those without reduced respiratory reserve [13.18 (5.52\u201338.00) vs. 4.53 (1.94\u201312.28) pg\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005]. In exploratory multivariable analysis, no variable was independently associated with diffusion impairment or reduced respiratory reserve after adjustment, although lymphocyte count showed a non-significant positive trend for diffusion impairment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary function impairment was highly prevalent in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pulmonary infection, with diffusion impairment and reduced respiratory reserve as the predominant phenotypes. These findings suggest that pulmonary dysfunction in this population extends beyond conventional ventilatory defects and may involve substantial abnormalities in gas transfer and respiratory capacity. Comprehensive pulmonary function assessment may provide clinically relevant information for functional evaluation and individualized management in this patient group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1870280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:53Z","timestamp":1783490093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulmonary function impairment patterns and their clinical correlates in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pulmonary infection: a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jili","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bofei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2025","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00429-6","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis lung disease: towards prevention, diagnosis, and care","volume":"13","author":"Meghji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00105-6","article-title":"Post-pulmonary tuberculosis lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ratnakumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220221","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0221-2022","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis lung impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis of spirometry data from 14 621 people","volume":"32","author":"Ivanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S219731","article-title":"Transition from restrictive to obstructive lung function impairment during treatment and follow-up of active tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Allwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072154","article-title":"Coinfections in tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries: epidemiology, clinical implications, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies\u2014a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Cioboata","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001808","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001808","article-title":"Improving pulmonary infection diagnosis with metagenomic next-generation sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"73","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247321","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02473-21","article-title":"Improving suspected pulmonary infection diagnosis by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"STROBE Initiative. 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