{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:59:51Z","timestamp":1785387591735,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2018 Declaration of Astana reaffirmed Primary Health Care (PHC) as the foundation for universal health coverage and the health-related Sustainable Development Goals, yet the workforce, curricula, and research infrastructure required to deliver that vision remain unevenly developed across regions. This narrative review, prepared in line with the SANRA reporting standard, examines the global field of academic partnerships for family medicine (FM) and PHC education during the 7\u202fyears that followed Astana. We synthesize peer-reviewed and gray literature from 2010 to April 2026 across PubMed, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, and the principal FM and global health journals, and we map the evidence to the World Health Organization three-component PHC framework and Starfield\u2019s 4Cs of primary care. We propose a five-modality typology, the AP-PHC Typology, that distinguishes bilateral North-South capacity-building partnerships, multi-institutional North-South networks, South-South peer-learning networks, triangular partnerships, and multilateral convening platforms. Each modality is mapped to its distinctive contribution across the 4Cs and to the WHO components of integrated services, multisectoral action, and community empowerment. The evidence shows that South-South networks such as PRIMAFAMED, the Iberoamerican Confederation of Family Medicine, AfriWon Renaissance, and the South Asian primary care research community have produced contextually grounded curricula, faculty development pathways, and emerging research traditions. North-South initiatives, in turn, have made measurable but uneven contributions to faculty capacity, often constrained by short donor cycles and asymmetric authorship, with cultural translation rarely fully achieved. Academia is the engine room of post-Astana implementation, but only when partnerships are governed by explicit ethical principles, equitable authorship norms, and sustained financing aligned to country priorities. We close with a falsifiable proposition: where academic FM partnerships explicitly embed the Besrour ten ethical principles and demonstrate equitable LMIC-led authorship, program sustainability beyond donor cycles is significantly more likely than where these conditions are absent. Testing this claim should anchor the next decade\u2019s research agenda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1870375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:21:42Z","timestamp":1785385302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Academic partnerships for family medicine and primary health care education: a global narrative review 7 years after Astana"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdul Rehman Zia","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raaina","family":"Mahevish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainudheen","family":"Faroog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racha Kamal","family":"Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha K.","family":"Alyousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baraa","family":"Alghalyini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Declaration of Astana: Global Conference on Primary Health Care","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32482-6","article-title":"How primary health care can make universal health coverage a reality, ensure healthy lives, and promote wellbeing for all","volume":"392","author":"Kluge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010313","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010313","article-title":"The 2018 Astana declaration on primary health care, is it useful?","volume":"9","author":"Walraven","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.252932","article-title":"Primary health care, the declaration of Astana and COVID-19","volume":"98","author":"Rasanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Alliance for Primary Health Care in the Americas Framework Document","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00005-5","article-title":"The lancet Global Health Commission on financing primary health care: putting people at the Centre","volume":"10","author":"Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00216-X","article-title":"For and with people: announcing the lancet Global Health Commission on people-centred care for universal health coverage and a call for commissioner nominations","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"The Lancet Global Health Commission on People-Centered Care for Universal Health Coverage Appoints Commissioners and a Board of Advisers","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2025.101240","article-title":"No time to wait: resilience as a cornerstone for primary health care across Latin America and the Caribbean, a World Bank-PAHO lancet regional health Americas commission","volume":"50","author":"Herrera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x","article-title":"Contribution of primary care to health systems and health","volume":"83","author":"Starfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00149","article-title":"The contribution of primary care systems to health outcomes within Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 1970-1998","volume":"38","author":"Macinko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5","article-title":"Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world","volume":"376","author":"Frenk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"596","article-title":"Developing the evidentiary basis for family medicine in the global context: the Besrour papers: a series on the state of family medicine in the world","volume":"61","author":"Ponka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Operational Framework for Primary Health Care: Transforming Vision into Action","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.279943","article-title":"Primary health care: realizing the vision","volume":"98","author":"Barkley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"705","article-title":"Framework for ethical international academic partnerships in family medicine: the Besrour papers","volume":"65","author":"Godard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v9i1.1351","article-title":"Conference report: undergraduate family medicine and primary care training in sub-Saharan Africa: reflections of the PRIMAFAMED network","volume":"9","author":"Besigye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v16i1.4376","article-title":"Undergraduate teaching in family medicine within the PRIMAFAMED network","volume":"16","author":"Mash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2010.04.013","article-title":"Development of standards for education and training in family and community medicine: contributions by WONCA IberoAmerica (CIMF)","volume":"43","author":"Demarzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v10i1.1640","article-title":"Meeting report: 'how do I incorporate research into my family practice?': reflections on experiences of and solutions for young family doctors","volume":"10","author":"Yakubu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Toronto International Program to Strengthen Family Medicine and Primary Care: Program Overview","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Indicators for Social Accountability Tool (ISAT 2.0) Implementation Guide","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"602","article-title":"Developing family practice to respond to global health challenges: the Besrour papers","volume":"63","author":"Arya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232018245.04442019","article-title":"Towards post-colonial capacity-building methodologies\u2014some remarks on the experiences of health researchers from Mozambique and Angola","volume":"24","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Colet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637187","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2021.637187","article-title":"Decolonizing science diplomacy: a case study of the Dominican Republic's COVID-19 response","volume":"6","author":"Menc\u00eda-Ripley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Res Metr Anal"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6905330","article-title":"Snapshot of family medicine around the world: introducing the global family medicine website","volume":"69","author":"Arya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4162","article-title":"Self-determination in global health practices - voices from the global south","volume":"90","author":"Kesande","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA: a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01439-9","article-title":"Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century","volume":"404","author":"Jamison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2016.1219029","article-title":"Producing a socially accountable medical school: AMEE guide no. 109","volume":"38","author":"Boelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.5020","article-title":"Pathways to clinical training opportunities for international medical students and IMGs: the California experience","volume":"92","author":"Akey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"CMC Vellore-Melbourne Institutional Partnership: a Decade of Joint Research and Training","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002470","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002470","article-title":"Fostering global primary care research: a capacity-building approach","volume":"5","author":"Ponka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X483977","article-title":"Primary health care in Africa: do family physicians fit in?","volume":"60","author":"De Maeseneer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmu014","article-title":"Family medicine training in sub-Saharan Africa: south-south cooperation in the Primafamed project as strategy for development","volume":"31","author":"Flinkenfl\u00f6gel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGPO.2025.0173","article-title":"Continuing professional development on planetary health for African family physicians: descriptive survey","author":"Mash","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"436","article-title":"Family medicine around the world: overview by region: the Besrour papers","volume":"63","author":"Arya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.3171","article-title":"Implementation of online research training and mentorship for sub-Saharan African family physicians","volume":"87","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342362400063X","article-title":"Evaluating the implementation of online research training and mentorship among early-career family physicians in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"25","author":"Schouw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1530_23","article-title":"Promoting south Asian primary care research and projecting family medicine practitioner-scholars: a matter of critical importance","volume":"12","author":"Jawaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05716-2","article-title":"Impact of the Programa Mais M\u00e9dicos (more doctors Programme) on primary care doctor supply and amenable mortality: quasi-experimental study of 5565 Brazilian municipalities","volume":"20","author":"Hone","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117222","article-title":"More doctors, better health? A generalised synthetic control approach to estimating impacts of increasing doctors under Brazil's Mais M\u00e9dicos programme","volume":"358","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320152011.07252015","article-title":"Programa Mais M\u00e9dicos: uma a\u00e7\u00e3o efetiva para reduzir iniquidades em sa\u00fade","volume":"20","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Colet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/S3050-5143(25)00009-3","article-title":"Strengthening primary health care leadership: responding to a global need","volume":"1","author":"Khalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Prim Care"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1016\/S3050-5143(25)00022-6","article-title":"A better future through primary health care","volume":"1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Prim Care"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"592","article-title":"International strategies for achieving the goals of the Besrour Centre","volume":"61","author":"Rouleau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"106","article-title":"Family medicine global health fellowship competencies: a modified Delphi study","volume":"49","author":"El Rayess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"891","article-title":"Approaching a global definition of family medicine: the Besrour papers","volume":"62","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1-e5","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v16i1.4599","article-title":"Pioneering family medicine: a collaborative global health education partnership in Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Woldeyes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/14739879.2016.1218743","article-title":"Learning globally to enhance local practice: an international programme in primary care and family health","volume":"27","author":"Godoy-Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ Prim Care"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/14739879.2018.1532322","article-title":"What are the family medicine faculty development needs of partners in low- and middle-income countries?","volume":"30","author":"Redwood-Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Prim Care"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/14739879.2016.1219235","article-title":"Lessons learned in global family medicine education from a Besrour Centre capacity-building workshop","volume":"27","author":"Dyck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ Prim Care"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0317970","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317970","article-title":"Does integration matter? An international cross-sectional study on the relationship between perceived public health and primary care integration and COVID-19 vaccination rates","volume":"20","author":"Sodhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.3649","article-title":"Protocol for a cross-sectional study on COVID-19 vaccination programmes in primary health care","volume":"15","author":"Sodhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.245613","article-title":"Primary health care and sustainable development goals","volume":"98","author":"Chotchoungchatchai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.10.012","article-title":"Prioritization and resource allocation in academic global health partnerships","volume":"23","author":"Kulesa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103258","article-title":"Educational program implementation in academic global health partnerships","volume":"26","author":"Kulesa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005255","article-title":"Ten questions to guide learners seeking equitable global health experiences abroad","volume":"98","author":"Reynolds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23821205251324297","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205251324297","article-title":"Nine implementation themes for ethical academic global health partnerships: a synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Beste","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Educat Curri Develop"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10982","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10982","article-title":"Building a framework to decolonize global emergency medicine","volume":"8","author":"Muchatuta","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEM Educ Train"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4847","article-title":"The use and creation of photographic imagery in global health: actionable steps towards decolonization by academic institutions","volume":"91","author":"Harrison","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a4034","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.4034","article-title":"Education for primary health care in Africa","volume":"15","author":"Mash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2023.100229","article-title":"Climate change and primary health care in Africa: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Lokotola","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clim Chang Health"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-015-0090-7","article-title":"The roles and training of primary care doctors: China, India, Brazil and South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Mash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a3612","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v14i1.3612","article-title":"Proposal to set up a College of Family Medicine in east, central and southern Africa","volume":"14","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a151","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v2i1.151","article-title":"Statement of consensus on family medicine in Africa","volume":"2","author":"Mash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-020-0455-4","article-title":"A scoping review on family medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: practice, positioning and impact in African health care systems","volume":"18","author":"Flinkenfl\u00f6gel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1501140","article-title":"Brazil's family health strategy: delivering community-based primary care in a universal health system","volume":"372","author":"Macinko","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20230720-07","article-title":"Decolonizing global child health education for more equitable and culturally safe collaborations","volume":"52","author":"Tchonang Leuche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a2320","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v12i1.2320","article-title":"Exploring gaps, strategies and solutions for primary care research mentorship in the African context: a workshop report","volume":"12","author":"McGuire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.51866\/cm.903","article-title":"Postgraduate family medicine training in Southeast Asia","volume":"20","author":"Phisalprapa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malays Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a4410","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v16i1.4410","article-title":"Cultivating leaders for primary health care: a revised approach for transformative development","volume":"16","author":"von Pressentin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13084","article-title":"A typology of longitudinal integrated clerkships","volume":"50","author":"Worley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000765","article-title":"Transforming health professional education through social accountability: Canada's northern Ontario School of Medicine","volume":"90","author":"Strasser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803192","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1803192","article-title":"Team-based primary care without collaboration: a call for academic partnerships in relational transformation","volume":"13","author":"McLellan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290726","article-title":"A digital transformation for primary health care","volume":"102","author":"Barbosa da Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a4916","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v17i1.4916","article-title":"Continuing professional development on climate change and primary care in Africa: qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Mash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.106106","article-title":"Building climate-resilient primary care: a convergent mixed-methods climate vulnerability and capacity assessment in the Cederberg subdistrict, South Africa","volume":"252","author":"Mash","year":"2026","journal-title":"Public Health (Lond)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a3925","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.3925","article-title":"Planetary health and environmental sustainability in African health professions education","volume":"15","author":"Irlam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30386-3","article-title":"High-quality health systems in the sustainable development goals era: time for a revolution","volume":"6","author":"Kruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02632-x","article-title":"A scoping review of equity toolkits for international academic partnerships","volume":"24","author":"Modlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625455","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1625455","article-title":"A retrospective assessment of the implementation of virtual medical physics educational initiatives using the consolidated framework for implementation research","volume":"12","author":"Fedor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017602","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017602","article-title":"Transforming partnerships through transboundary research","volume":"10","author":"Mayor","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/S3050-5143(25)00014-7","article-title":"How major international development organisations operationalise primary health care: a thematic content analysis of strategy documents","volume":"1","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Prim Care"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1870375\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:21:45Z","timestamp":1785385305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1870375\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1870375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1870375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"article-number":"1870375"}}