{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:06:08Z","timestamp":1784786768285,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To outline the single and combined effects of adrenergic drugs and volume loading on mean systemic filling pressure (P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n ) in septic and non-septic sheep.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n was calculated based on cardiac output and the arterial and central venous pressures on 22 occasions during each of 44 experiments in non-septic and septic sheep. A bolus intravenous infusion of 20\u201325 mL\/kg of crystalloid fluid was given together with continuous administration of phenylephrine, norepinephrine, isoprenaline, or dopamine during 150 min. Six non-septic and 5 septic sheep served as controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n attained similar baseline values in the non-septic and septic sheep when no vasopressor was given (17.1 vs. 16.8 mmHg). The non-septic groups that received vasopressor showed higher P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n while the baseline values were generally lower in the septic sheep. Fluid loading effectively increased P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n in all groups except in the dopamine group with sepsis. Phenylephrine combined with fluid most effectively achieved and maintained a high P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n during sepsis. However, the average P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n during the 2.5-h experiment was 23% lower in the septic sheep (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.007); this difference was mainly due to gradually decreasing P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n after volume loading in the noradrenaline group and to low P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n in dopamine-treated animals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n was lower during early sepsis than in the non-septic state but remained reasonably well preserved after fluid had been infused. The vasopressors exerted only a modest effect on P\n \n msa<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n during sepsis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1871295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:38:43Z","timestamp":1784785123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of adrenergic drugs and volume loading on mean systemic filling pressure in non-septic and septic sheep"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.7560","article-title":"Fluid therapy for critically ill adults with sepsis: a review.","volume":"329","author":"Zampieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021.","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20260197","DOI":"10.62675\/2965-2774.20260197","article-title":"Effect of norepinephrine versus vasopressin weaning on incidence of hypotension in septic shock patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Mallmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit Care Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46063-2","article-title":"Distinct 72-hour fluid balance trajectories are associated with 28-day mortality in a multicenter cohort of sepsis patients.","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.008","article-title":"Vasoactive drugs and the distribution of crystalloid fluid during acute sepsis.","volume":"6","author":"Hahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8491","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238491","article-title":"Physiology and molecular mechanisms of the \u201cthird fluid space\u201d.","volume":"14","author":"Dull","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091387","article-title":"The heart, a secondary organ in the control of blood circulation.","volume":"110","author":"Furst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04024-x","article-title":"Venous return and mean systemic filling pressure: physiology and clinical applications.","volume":"26","author":"Persichini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.179.2.261","article-title":"Mean circulatory filling pressure measured immediately after cessation of heart pumping.","volume":"179","author":"Guyton","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01316-z","article-title":"The use of guyton\u2019s approach to the control of cardiac output for clinical fluid management.","volume":"14","author":"Magder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-008-9147-7","article-title":"Therapeutic control of the circulation.","volume":"22","author":"Leaning","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2928-6","article-title":"Changes in the mean systemic filling pressure during a fluid challenge in postsurgical intensive care patients.","volume":"39","author":"Cecconi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238045","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238045","article-title":"Comparison of dynamic changes in stressed intravascular volume, mean systemic filling pressure and cardiovascular compliance: Pilot investigation and study protocol.","volume":"15","author":"Yastrebov","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172361","article-title":"Effects of vasoactive drugs on crystalloid fluid kinetics in septic sheep.","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2022.121003","article-title":"Mean systemic filling pressure indicates fluid responsiveness and anaesthesia-induced unstressed blood volume.","volume":"54","author":"Hahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000138558.16257.3f","article-title":"Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock.","volume":"32","author":"Sakr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182742e8b","article-title":"Microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis: impact of time of assessment and relationship with outcome.","volume":"41","author":"De Backer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-025-01579-0","article-title":"Where does the fluid go?","volume":"15","author":"Hahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04593-5","article-title":"Evidence for a personalized early start of norepinephrine in septic shock.","volume":"27","author":"Monnet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14162","article-title":"Volume responsiveness assessed by passive leg raising and a fluid challenge: a critical review focused on mean systemic filling pressure.","volume":"73","author":"Cooke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582565","article-title":"Mean systemic filling pressure as a characteristic pressure for venous return.","volume":"405","author":"Versprille","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1925","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1990.258.6.H1925","article-title":"Measurement of mean circulatory filling pressure and vascular compliance in domestic pigs.","volume":"258","author":"Ogilvie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2586-0","article-title":"Estimation of mean systemic filling pressure in postoperative cardiac surgery patients with three methods.","volume":"38","author":"Maas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0418-2","article-title":"Estimating mean circulatory filling pressure in clinical practice: a systematic review comparing three bedside methods in the critically ill.","volume":"8","author":"Wijnberge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Mean Systemic Filling Pressure. From Guyton to the Tcu, and Back Again","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2019"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H408","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00081.2017","article-title":"Right atrial pressure and venous return during cardiopulmonary bypass.","volume":"313","author":"Moller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06862-3","article-title":"Correct calculation of the mean systemic pressure analogue.","volume":"48","author":"Moller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23516-y","article-title":"Autonomic and circulatory alterations persist despite adequate resuscitation in a 5-day sepsis swine experiment.","volume":"12","author":"Carrara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1871295\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:38:44Z","timestamp":1784785124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1871295\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1871295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1871295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"article-number":"1871295"}}