{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1783401357114,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) is a rare benign lesion that typically arises in the mandible and maxilla, whereas involvement of the long bones is extremely uncommon. It is generally considered a reactive, non-neoplastic process associated with prior trauma or surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report two rare cases of GCRG involving the extremities: one in the proximal humerus and the other in the distal femur. Both patients had a history of prior mechanical strain or localized trauma. Imaging revealed well-defined expansile osteolytic lesions with heterogeneous internal features and contrast enhancement, initially mimicked giant cell tumor of bone. Surgical intervention was performed in both cases, and the diagnosis of GCRG was confirmed by postoperative histopathological examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These cases underscore the importance of including GCRG in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions at atypical skeletal sites, particularly in patients with a history of trauma. Accurate diagnosis relies on the integration of radiologic and histopathological findings to prevent misdiagnosis and guide appropriate management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1878294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:23:50Z","timestamp":1783398230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Giant cell reparative granuloma of the humerus and femur\u2014two rare cases with atypical skeletal involvement"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020158","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2020.158","article-title":"Giant cell reparative granuloma of the nasal cavity: a rare site of presentation with review of literature","volume":"10","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43564","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43564","article-title":"Giant cell reparative granuloma in the thumb distal phalanx: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Arvind","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0191-y","article-title":"Giant cell reparative granuloma of the temporal bone","volume":"151","author":"Menge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(53)90151-0","article-title":"Giant-cell reparative granuloma, traumatic bone cyst, and fibrous (fibro-oseous) dysplasia of the jawbones","volume":"6","author":"Jaffe","year":"1953","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.04.003","article-title":"Central giant cell granuloma of the jaw: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy options","volume":"104","author":"de Lange","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Bone","author":"Olvi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207325666220818124912","article-title":"Giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone of the head: CT and MR imaging findings","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.5.g01se251283","article-title":"From the archives of AFIP. Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"21","author":"Murphey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05396-6","article-title":"Update on aneurysmal bone cyst: pathophysiology, histology, imaging and treatment","volume":"52","author":"Restrepo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2024.05.289","article-title":"Giant cell reparative granuloma of the patella: a case report","volume":"47","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)63432-3","article-title":"USP6 and CDH11 oncogenes identify the neoplastic cell in primary aneurysmal bone cysts and are absent in so-called secondary aneurysmal bone cysts","volume":"165","author":"Oliveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2814","article-title":"Distinct H3F3A and H3F3B driver mutations define chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"45","author":"Behjati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"471","article-title":"Giant cell reparative granuloma of the hand: case report and review of giant cell lesions of hands and feet","volume":"46","author":"MacDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4917968","article-title":"Giant cell reparative granuloma of the orbit: clinicopathological characteristics and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Bengoa-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"776","article-title":"Locally aggressive orbital giant cell reparative granuloma in an infant: case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1878294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:23:55Z","timestamp":1783398235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1878294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1878294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1878294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"article-number":"1878294"}}