{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:14Z","timestamp":1787811494732,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumothorax is a common respiratory emergency. Current diagnosis primarily relies on imaging examinations, but these have insufficient sensitivity for early or occult cases, and there is a lack of highly specific molecular markers. Investigating the dynamic changes in serum biomarkers is of great significance for the early diagnosis and intervention of pneumothorax.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A rat pneumothorax model was established. Serum was collected before modeling and at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48\u202fh after modeling. Using pre-modeling rat serum marker levels as a baseline, 22 biomarkers (including inflammatory factors, fibrosis-related molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, and metabolic indicators) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Small animal ultrasound was used to verify model establishment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rat pneumothorax model was successfully established, with ultrasound showing the loss of the lung sliding sign. The biomarkers exhibited four dynamic patterns: (1) Early rapid increase in pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , interleukin-1\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , etc.); (2) Sustained or fluctuating increase in fibrosis-related molecules (transforming growth factor-\u03b2, collagen, etc.); (3) Sustained decrease in the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10; (4) Fluctuating changes in metabolic indicators and aquaporin markers (25-hydroxyvitamin D, aquaporin-4\/5). Notably, to our knowledge, this study is the first to discover early, significant, and rapid increases in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) in a pneumothorax model, which may provide a basis for the early diagnosis of pneumothorax.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study systematically delineates the dynamic evolution patterns of multiple classes of serum biomarkers following pneumothorax. The novel finding of abnormal elevations in TRACP, ICAM-1, and NF-\u03baB challenges traditional understanding of their functions and provides new potential candidate targets for the early diagnosis of pneumothorax.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1879882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:15Z","timestamp":1787808855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic analysis of 22 serum biomarkers following pneumothorax"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jirui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.08.008","article-title":"Management of Pneumothorax","volume":"42","author":"DeMaio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"21108","article-title":"ABC om Pneumotorax p\u00e5 akuten [management of pneumothorax in the emergency department]","volume":"119","author":"Olofsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The medical Management of Spontaneous Pneumothorax: a concise review","volume-title":"British J Hospital Med","author":"Barton","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.09.001","article-title":"The genetic support for the causal relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and pneumothorax: a two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16484","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16484","article-title":"Excessive aggregation of fine particles may play a crucial role in adolescent spontaneous pneumothorax pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08010099","article-title":"Mechanical and morphometrical changes in progressive bilateral pneumothorax and pleural effusion in normal rats","volume":"8","author":"Sousa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.02.004","article-title":"Effects of early and late pneumothorax drainage on the development of pulmonary oedema","volume":"195","author":"Elias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.07.006","article-title":"Traumatic pneumothorax: a review of current diagnostic practices and evolving management","volume":"61","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2022.08.447","article-title":"Managing spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"81","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13050954","article-title":"Blood count-derived inflammatory markers correlate with lengthier hospital stay and are predictors of pneumothorax risk in thoracic trauma patients","volume":"13","author":"Vunvulea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141202","article-title":"The use of aptamers as therapeutic inhibitors and biosensors of TNF-alpha","volume":"306","author":"Abianeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.03.001","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2+ macrophages and the control of pathogenic inflammation in cancer","volume":"46","author":"Caronni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.06.005","article-title":"The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases","volume":"8","author":"Zinatizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2011.10.001","article-title":"Understanding the mechanism of IL-1\u03b2 secretion","volume":"22","author":"Lopez-Castejon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564607","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1564607","article-title":"Redefining CRP in tissue injury and repair: more than an acute pro-inflammatory mediator","volume":"16","author":"Potempa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113683","article-title":"Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and IFN-\u03b3 receptor 1\/2 (IFN\u03b3R1\/2) in regulation of immunity, infection, and cancer development: IFN-\u03b3-dependent or independent pathway","volume":"155","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701694667","article-title":"Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the osteoclast\/immune cell dichotomy","volume":"41","author":"Hayman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189187","article-title":"Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1): from molecular functions to clinical applications in cancer investigation","volume":"1879","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159922","article-title":"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody suppresses ERK and NF-\u03baB activation in ischemia-reperfusion lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161067","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067","article-title":"The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions","volume":"14","author":"Carlini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"187","article-title":"Five cases of asymptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"5","author":"Kadokura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.036","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health and disease","volume":"186","author":"Massagu\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107256","article-title":"Receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond: multiple modes of Smad2\/3-dependent transmission of TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"300","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.10.025","article-title":"Elastin in healthy and diseased lung","volume":"74","author":"Vindin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.26502\/fccm.92920302","article-title":"Regulation of collagen I and collagen III in tissue injury and regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113983","article-title":"CD147 and MMPs as key factors in physiological and pathological processes","volume":"157","author":"Asgari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.115","article-title":"TIMPs: versatile extracellular regulators in cancer","volume":"17","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-022-09324-6","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency leads to the abnormal activation of the complement system","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20212224","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20212224","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 induces AQP4 overexpression in astrocytes through the NF-\u03baB pathway causing cellular edema and apoptosis","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010004","article-title":"Role of IL-10-producing natural killer cells in the regulatory mechanisms of inflammation during systemic infection","volume":"12","author":"Martinez-Espinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44178-y","article-title":"An IL-10\/DEL-1 axis supports granulopoiesis and survival from sepsis in early life","volume":"15","author":"Vergadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222902","article-title":"The clinical role of systemic inflammation-based biomarkers in predicting mortality in post-pneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula: a Multicenter retrospective analysis","volume":"15","author":"Topaloglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16081141","article-title":"The adjunctive role of dynamic systemic inflammation-based biomarkers in surgical risk stratification of first-episode primary spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"16","author":"Topaloglu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps32306","article-title":"Periostin: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pulmonary diseases","volume":"25","author":"Alzobaidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13818","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13818","article-title":"New anti-fibrotic strategies for keloids: insights from single-cell multi-omics","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65567-z","article-title":"Epithelial-interleukin-1 inhibits collagen formation by airway fibroblasts: implications for asthma","volume":"10","author":"Osei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1879882\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:17Z","timestamp":1787808857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1879882\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1879882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1879882","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"article-number":"1879882"}}