{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:27:13Z","timestamp":1783078033942,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enteric fever, including both typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, is associated with a significant burden of morbidity and mortality in high-epidemic countries. However, as its incidence has declined in most countries, early diagnosis of its complications has become a clinical challenge. Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is a rare but dangerous complication of typhoid fever, and its occurrence in patients with paratyphoid fever remains poorly understood. We report a case of SSR associated with paratyphoid A fever and briefly review the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 15-year-old male presented with a one-week history of high fever and fatigue complicated by sudden onset of left upper quadrant abdominal pain for 2\u202fdays. Physical examination revealed diffuse abdominal tenderness without rigidity; laboratory studies showed leukocytosis and markedly elevated inflammatory markers. Blood cultures revealed\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica serovar<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi A. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed splenic rupture and a subcapsular hematoma, peritoneal and pelvic effusion, and peritonitis. He was hemodynamically stable, so we adopted nonoperative management. The patient recovered uneventfully. A search of English-language literature revealed only four reported SSR cases in typhoid fever and two in paratyphoid fever (one Paratyphi A and one Paratyphi B), with a mortality of 33.3% (2\/6). All patients either lived in or had traveled back from high-endemic countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SSR is a rare but life-threatening complication of both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever. Clinical vigilance for this complication should be maintained in patients with suspected enteric fever, even in low-endemic settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1882061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:10:35Z","timestamp":1783077035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with paratyphoid a fever: a case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fangwan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shide","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11223-8","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from 1990 to 2021 and the impact on prevention and control","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883","article-title":"The global burden of enteric fever, 2017-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"77","author":"Piovani","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2025.100714","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance in India (2023): a modelling study","volume":"44","author":"Mogasale","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2024.095","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factor analysis of typhoid\/paratyphoid fever - 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