{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:20:58Z","timestamp":1783405258301,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical management of established postoperative delirium (POD) is particularly challenging in patients who exhibit agitated behavior and self-remove intravenous (IV) access. A 70-year-old man with prior cerebral infarction developed POD following urologic surgery under general anesthesia. Two doses of IV diazepam failed to provide sustained relief, and the patient subsequently self-removed his IV catheter. Intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine was administered in a stepwise titration protocol (total dose: 100\u202f\u03bcg). The patient transitioned from agitation to calm and entered sustained sleep within 1\u202fh. The only hemodynamic alteration observed was mild bradycardia (heart rate: 58\u201365 beats\/min), with no clinically significant respiratory depression occurring throughout the observation period. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) test result was negative on postoperative day 2, and the patient was discharged uneventfully on postoperative day 4. This case suggests that IN dexmedetomidine may offer a safe, non-invasive rescue option for established POD when IV access is unavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1893834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:47:07Z","timestamp":1783403227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as a rescue strategy for established postoperative delirium following loss of intravenous access: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yingao","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jianghan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jianghan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001876","article-title":"Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients","volume":"41","author":"Aldecoa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11314","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311314","article-title":"Post-operative delirium in elderly 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