{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:15:46Z","timestamp":1783577746511,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart rate recovery (HRR) and oxygen uptake (VO\u2082) recovery provide complementary information regarding autonomic and metabolic recovery following exercise; however, their integrated assessment remains insufficiently explored in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study included 200 patients with stable CAD who underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). HRR at 1\u202fmin (HRR1), \u0394VO\u2082 values, and VO\u2082 recovery indices were analyzed, and patients were classified according to combined HRR and VO\u2082 recovery patterns using a 2\u202f\u00d7\u202f2 recovery framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HRR1 was significantly correlated with \u0394VO\u20821 (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.519,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and \u0394VO\u20822 (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.510,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), as well as VO\u2082 recovery indices at 1 and 2\u202fmin (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.496 and 0.531, respectively; both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Distinct concordant and discordant recovery phenotypes were identified, indicating heterogeneity in post-exercise recovery dynamics. Significant differences were observed across recovery groups, including significantly lower VO\u2082 recovery in the Good HRR\u2013Poor VO\u2082 phenotype compared with the Poor HRR\u2013Good VO\u2082 phenotype (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.027).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-exercise recovery in CAD appears to be a multidimensional physiological process that cannot be fully characterized by a single parameter. Integrated assessment of HRR and VO\u2082 recovery may provide a framework for recovery characterization before cardiac rehabilitation, and prospective studies are needed to validate the clinical applicability of this approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1894821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:36:01Z","timestamp":1783575361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated heart rate and oxygen uptake recovery phenotypes reveal heterogeneous recovery patterns in coronary artery disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benil Nesli","family":"Ata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Izmir City Hospital","place":["Bayrakli, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baris","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Izmir City Hospital","place":["Bayrakli, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Celik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Izmir City Hospital","place":["Bayrakli, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bugra","family":"Ince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Health Sciences, Izmir City Hospital","place":["Bayrakli, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ece","family":"Cinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova","place":["Izmir, 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