{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:04:00Z","timestamp":1785413040522,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) are immune-mediated ocular surface diseases in which itching, conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, mucus secretion, epithelial injury and recurrence may substantially affect comfort and quality of life. Standard care is based on allergen avoidance, lubricants, topical antihistamines, mast-cell stabilizers, corticosteroids and topical immunomodulators when clinically indicated. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) modalities are used in some clinical settings as adjunctive strategies, but their evidence base is heterogeneous and should not be interpreted as a substitute for established ophthalmic therapy. This structured narrative review synthesizes ocular clinical evidence, indirect mechanistic evidence and ocular surface safety considerations for TCM modalities in AC and VKC. Five bibliographic databases\u2014PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP Database\u2014were searched for literature published from 1 January 2010 to 31 May 2026. The database searches were supplemented by targeted Google Scholar searches, reference-list screening and citation tracking, while earlier landmark sources were retained when clinically or mechanistically relevant. The retrieved clinical evidence was concentrated in AC\/SAC\/PAC and VKC. No eligible AKC- or GPC-specific TCM clinical studies were identified within the search scope; these conditions are therefore discussed only for contextual and safety relevance. Oral herbal formulas and integrated TCM-standard therapy accounted for most of the clinical evidence, whereas herbal ophthalmic preparations, particularly Houttuynia eye drops, provided a smaller but more ocular-specific signal. Mechanistic claims involving IgE\u2013mast-cell responses, Th2\/eosinophilic inflammation, epithelial alarmins, NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling, oxidative stress and barrier dysfunction should be regarded as hypotheses requiring ocular-specific validation. For local herbal ophthalmic preparations, the safety threshold is high and includes sterility, endotoxin control, pH, osmolality, particulate matter, preservatives, botanical authentication, formulation stability and corneal epithelial safety. Adequately powered clinical studies using standardized diagnostic criteria, validated ophthalmic outcomes, longer follow-up periods, and prospective safety monitoring are needed to strengthen the evidence base.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1903422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:10:28Z","timestamp":1785409828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traditional Chinese medicine-related interventions for allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis: clinical evidence, mechanistic hypotheses, and ocular surface safety considerations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruoxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]},{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Finance and Economics","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060650","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis: review of current types, treatments, and trends","volume":"14","author":"Tariq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030350","article-title":"Cytokines in allergic conjunctivitis: unraveling their pathophysiological roles","volume":"14","author":"Chigbu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09098-3","article-title":"Decoding allergic conjunctivitis: latest perspectives on etiological drivers and Immunopathological mechanisms","volume":"68","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2026.18.1.6","article-title":"Ocular allergy within the framework of the EAACI nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions","volume":"18","author":"Bogacka","year":"2026","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-023-08970-4","article-title":"Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Bruschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.10.008","article-title":"Management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: navigating a changing treatment landscape","volume":"69","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882240","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318","article-title":"Diagnosis, management, and treatment of vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Asia: recommendations from the Management of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Asia expert working group","volume":"9","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"2026","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Baab","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318","article-title":"Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"310","author":"Azari","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-18","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"La Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12197","article-title":"Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a severe allergic eye disease with remodeling changes","volume":"25","author":"Vichyanond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.019","article-title":"Allergy and allergic mediators in tears","volume":"117","author":"Leonardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.03.005","article-title":"Japanese guidelines for allergic conjunctival diseases 2020","volume":"69","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.11.014","article-title":"ICON: diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"124","author":"Bielory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2007.12.011","article-title":"Ocular allergy overview","volume":"28","author":"Bielory","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03716.x","article-title":"Allergy and the eye","volume":"153","author":"Leonardi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000669","article-title":"The allergic eye: recommendations about pharmacotherapy and recent therapeutic agents","volume":"20","author":"Kimchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01344-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3390\/children13030335","article-title":"Pediatric vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): current state and future directions-a narrative review of clinical features, diagnostic strategies, and emerging therapies","volume":"13","author":"Pignataro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2362_25","article-title":"An update in vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"73","author":"Vanathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2007.11.001","article-title":"Giant papillary conjunctivitis","volume":"28","author":"Donshik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01150-0","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis management: update on ophthalmic solutions","volume":"24","author":"Leonardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.07.009","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity - insights and interventions of refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"34","author":"Agarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-024-01984-z","article-title":"Aktuelles zur Keratoconjunctivitis vernalis und atopica [current aspects of vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis]","volume":"121","author":"Messmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2025.05.003","article-title":"Ranking the efficacy of topical treatments for ocular allergy: a network meta-analysis of current evidence","volume":"37","author":"Krungkraipetch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16196","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016196","article-title":"Efficacy of Houttuynia eye drops for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a systemic review and meta-analysis protocol","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.7079","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of Houttuynia eye drops combined with olopatadine hydrochloride eye drops on vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500374","article-title":"Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for allergic diseases: a review","volume":"51","author":"Ai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00959-9","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and allergic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714694","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.714694","article-title":"Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an Ethnopharmacological review","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091079","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. cordata): a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Rafiq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1585","article-title":"Houttuynia cordata Thunb inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of the NF\u03baB signaling pathway in HMC-1 human mast cells","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.02.010","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of Houttuynia cordata extract on stem cell factor-induced HMC-1 cell migration","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"136","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of modified Yupingfeng combined with Western medicine in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Mod Doct"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"343","article-title":"Tiaoti Tuomin formula taken orally with ocular cold wet compress for allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Eye Sci"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"10","article-title":"Clinical observation of Zhaqu Pingwei san combined with Guominjian in children with allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"26","article-title":"Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for 45 cases of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shanxi Zhong Yi"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"2468","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Houttuynia cordata eye drops combined with pemirolast potassium eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"13","author":"Hang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Eye Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1988-5","article-title":"Potential effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine Yu ping feng san for adult allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115169","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine Xiao-qing-long-tang for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"297","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-00999-9","article-title":"Herbal medicines for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Hoang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00389-9","article-title":"Acupuncture methods for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.12.002","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for food allergy and eczema","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00123","article-title":"Network pharmacology databases for traditional Chinese medicine: review and assessment","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5364(13)60037-0","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine network pharmacology: theory, methodology and application","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin J Nat Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.118","article-title":"Network pharmacology: the next paradigm in drug discovery","volume":"4","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"3261","article-title":"Clinical observation of Houttuynia cordata eye drops combined with olopatadine eye drops in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yao Fang"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"201","article-title":"Efficacy of sodium cromoglicate eye drops combined with yupingfeng granules in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2023.42","article-title":"Biomarkers of ocular allergy and dry eye disease","volume":"67","author":"Zemba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12139","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12139","article-title":"Total IgE in tears accurately reflects the severity and predicts the prognosis of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2024.49769","article-title":"The role of in vivo confocal microscopy in ocular allergies","volume":"54","author":"\u015eim\u015fek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-07026-x","article-title":"Tear cytokine profiles between children with allergic conjunctivitis at varying eye rubbing frequencies and keratoconus: a cross-sectional study","volume":"264","author":"Niu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2755","article-title":"IgE and mast cells in allergic disease","volume":"18","author":"Galli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.017","article-title":"IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils","volume":"125","author":"Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071531","article-title":"Insight into IL-5 as a potential target for the treatment of allergic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Antosz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.007","article-title":"Barrier epithelial cells and the control of type 2 immunity","volume":"43","author":"Hammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901363","article-title":"Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression","volume":"183","author":"Bauernfeind","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01492-z","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome in allergic diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10866","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310866","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease","volume":"24","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.09.007","article-title":"Recent advances in NLRP3 inflammasome in corneal diseases: preclinical insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2025.2536766","article-title":"Recent advances in targeted immunomodulatory therapies for chronic ocular surface diseases","volume":"41","author":"Genovese","year":"2026","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001","article-title":"Preservatives in eyedrops: the good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"29","author":"Baudouin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01668-x","article-title":"Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions","volume":"36","author":"Goldstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.08.001","article-title":"Preservatives and ocular surface disease: a review","volume":"34","author":"Kahook","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S211611","article-title":"The use of preservatives in dry eye drops","volume":"13","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02516-9","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery: a comprehensive review","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15352","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015352","article-title":"Overview of recent advances in Nano-based ocular drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.018","article-title":"Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases","volume":"354","author":"Onugwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-025-04234-6","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology: a comprehensive review for the treatment of eye diseases","volume":"20","author":"Bairagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Nano"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114867","article-title":"Non-aqueous formulations in topical ocular drug delivery - a paradigm shift?","volume":"198","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1903422\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:10:30Z","timestamp":1785409830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1903422\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1903422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1903422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"article-number":"1903422"}}