{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:23:57Z","timestamp":1787127837195,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a prominent interferon signature that upregulates apolipoprotein L1 (\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) expression. High-risk\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes have been associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as a complication of lupus nephritis (LN); however, the strength and consistency of this association remain heterogeneous across studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the association between\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes and the odds of LN-associated kidney failure among patients with SLE. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified eligible observational studies, and pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using random-effects models. Between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using standard methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four observational studies comprising a total of 1,885 patients of African ancestry were included. Of these, 321 carried high-risk\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes and 1,564 carried low-risk genotypes. High-risk\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes were associated with significantly increased odds of LN-associated ESRD compared with low-risk genotypes (OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.63\u20134.32;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.008), with low heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f9.8%). Chronic kidney disease outcomes were reported heterogeneously and were summarized descriptively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-risk\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes are associated with significantly increased pooled odds of LN-associated ESRD among patients with SLE. These findings demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a clinically relevant genetic modifier of renal prognosis, supporting its potential role as a tool for risk stratification and precision medicine approaches in LN.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024587943<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier PROSPERO (CRD42024587943).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1903888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:24:37Z","timestamp":1787124277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes and odds of lupus nephritis-associated kidney failure in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Silvia E.","family":"Aldana-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Dominguez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analysis and Mining Department, D&P Consulting Service SAS","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Aroca-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Cl\u00ednica de la Costa","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Moreno-Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Garavito De Egea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Egea Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry J.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]},{"name":"Data Analysis and Mining Department, D&P Consulting Service SAS","place":["Barranquilla, 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