{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:01:46Z","timestamp":1790146906519,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a widely used assisted reproductive technique; however, the factors associated with clinical pregnancy remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to identify factors associated with clinical pregnancy and develop an exploratory prediction model for clinical pregnancy after IUI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed clinical and laboratory data from 764 IUI cycles performed between January 2019 and December 2024. The data were divided into a training set (75%, 573 cycles) and a validation set (25%, 191 cycles) according to the treatment timing. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with clinical pregnancy, and a nomogram was developed based on the final model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, female age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.938, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.885\u20130.995,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.034], body mass index (OR = 1.065, 95% CI: 1.014\u20131.118,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (log-transformed, OR = 1.002, 95% CI: 1.000\u20131.004,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028) were significantly associated with clinical pregnancy. Controlled ovarian stimulation was also associated with clinical pregnancy (OR = 1.843, 95% CI: 1.296\u20132.623,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.048). However, this association should be interpreted cautiously due to potential confounding by indication. Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone was retained in the final model due to its established clinical relevance to ovarian reserve assessment, although it did not reach conventional statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.051). A nomogram incorporating these five variables was developed, achieving an area under the curve of 0.653 (95% CI: 0.608\u20130.697).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given its limited discriminative performance, the model should be considered an exploratory tool rather than a definitive clinical decision-making tool. These findings may provide preliminary information for individualized counseling; however, external validation in larger, prospective, multicenter cohorts is required before clinical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1912464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:19:49Z","timestamp":1790144389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A retrospective cohort study: predictive nomogram for clinical pregnancy outcomes after intrauterine insemination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kunli","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2018.01164","article-title":"The pregnancy outcomes of intrauterine insemination with husband\u2019s sperm in natural cycles versus ovulation stimulated cycles: a retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004507","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004507.pub4","article-title":"Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine 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