{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:18:14Z","timestamp":1787894294796,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulsed dye lasers (PDLs) and intense pulsed light (IPL) are commonly used for treating cutaneous vascular diseases but lack standardized and reproducible treatment protocols. Reliable vascular models are needed to visually assess posttreatment responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen male rabbits were divided into two groups, with each ear subdivided into three treatment regions. PDL treatment was applied with pulse durations of 0.45\u2005ms (fluences: 4, 5.5, and 8 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and 1.5\u2005ms (fluences: 5.5, 8, and 13 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). IPL was applied in single-pulse (10, 13, and 15 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and double-pulse (10, 13, 17, and 20 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) modes. Vascular morphology and blood flow were evaluated using photographs and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) before treatment, immediately after treatment, on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14. Histopathological analysis was performed 24\u2005hours posttreatment. Statistical analysis was conducted with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test, with\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05 considered to indicate statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The dorsal ear vessels of rabbits consisted of longitudinally arranged main blood vessels (MBVs) and fan-shaped branch blood vessels (BBVs), with diameters ranging from 150\u2013300 \u03bcm and 90\u2013120 \u03bcm, respectively. In the PDL treatment, effective vessel closure with limited peripheral tissue damage was achieved using 0.45\u2005ms at 5.5 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      for BBVs, whereas 1.5\u2005ms at 8.0 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      was associated with qualitative evidence of more sustained MBV closure. In the IPL treatment, a single pulse at 13.0 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      effectively closed the branch vessels, whereas the double-pulse mode primarily induced vessel dilation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rabbit ear vascular model, combined with dermoscopy, LSCI, and histopathology, provides a reproducible multimodal platform for longitudinal evaluation and systematic parameter screening, offering a reliable preclinical foundation for comparative assessment and protocol refinement prior to clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1917018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:31:19Z","timestamp":1787891479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-time vascular monitoring of PDLs and IPL for vascular treatment: effects of fluence and pulse duration on a rabbit ear model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tun Tun","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manmei","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Maung","family":"Htwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soe Lei","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6836297","article-title":"Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation","volume":"220","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12139","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012139","article-title":"Pathogenesis of port-wine stains: directions for future therapies","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd011642","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011642","article-title":"Laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars","volume":"9","author":"Leszczynski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12324514","article-title":"Thermal relaxation of port-wine stain vessels probed in vivo: the need for 1-10-millisecond laser pulse treatment","volume":"105","author":"Dierickx","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.62347\/LMUT4952","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser, narrow-band intense pulsed light, and broad-band intense pulsed light in the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Gade","year":"2026"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-024-04098-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety comparison between pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light configured with different wavelength bands in treating erythematotelangiectatic rosacea","volume":"39","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70357","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70357","article-title":"Effective treatment of Rosacea and telangiectasias using IPL","volume":"24","author":"Menashe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-022-03620-1","article-title":"Intense pulsed light treatment for inflammatory skin diseases: a review","volume":"37","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04519-3","article-title":"A systematic review of comparative clinical trials on the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of ablative and non-ablative laser therapies for atrophic, hypertrophic, and keloid scars","volume":"40","author":"Haji Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1029_2022","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light in rosacea: a systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Martignago","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.74550","article-title":"Efficacy of ipl in treatment of acne vulgaris: comparison of single- and burst-pulse mode in ipl","volume":"55","author":"Kumaresan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.5638","article-title":"Intense pulsed light: a methodical approach to understanding clinical endpoints","volume":"20","author":"Lipp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23007","article-title":"Sequential facial skin rejuvenation with intense pulsed light and non-ablative fractionated laser resurfacing in fitzpatrick skin type II-IV patients: a prospective multicenter analysis","volume":"51","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02640-3","article-title":"A review of treatment of port-wine stains with pulsed dye laser in fitzpatrick skin type IV-VI","volume":"315","author":"Eckembrecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.17-0054","article-title":"Use of animal models for the imaging and quantification of angiogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_985_2023","article-title":"Non-invasive efficacy assessment of pulsed dye laser and photodynamic therapy for port-wine stain","volume":"90","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-026-01651-y","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment technology of port-wine stain, and the prospect of future treatment","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb1905s18","article-title":"The chick chorioallantoic membrane as an in vivo angiogenesis model","volume":"18","author":"Ponce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Cell Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2025.104806","article-title":"Lymphatics in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane","volume":"160","author":"Ribatti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12758","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12758","article-title":"Viewing stromal vascular fraction de novo vessel formation and association with host microvasculature using the rat mesentery culture model","volume":"29","author":"Hodges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40243","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40243","article-title":"High-precision, non-invasive anti-microvascular approach via concurrent ultrasound and laser irradiation","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1631-3","article-title":"Experimental study on the vascular thermal response to visible laser pulses","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20335","article-title":"Microvascular blood flow dynamics associated with photodynamic therapy, pulsed dye laser irradiation and combined regimens","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2024.100328","article-title":"Creating an extremely long-lasting neuroischemic wound model","volume":"5","author":"Chien","year":"2025","journal-title":"JID Innov"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199401000-00018","article-title":"Isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery: a model for studying segmental vasoconstriction and dilatation","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15769","article-title":"An experimental study of the vascular embolism caused by recombinant type III collagen implants and hyaluronic acid","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29043-8","article-title":"Early warm compress treatment can promote recanalization of vascular embolisms and reduce tissue necrosis after polymethyl methacrylate injection","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-4979.2013.01.005","article-title":"Effects of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy combined with nd:yAG Laser on auricular veins of rabbit","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9030055","article-title":"Experimental models to study skin wound healing with a focus on angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Grambow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn501225-20230918-00085","article-title":"Expert consensus on the clinical application of narrow-band intense pulsed light (2024 edition)","volume":"40","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu Fu Za Zhi"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2332-5","article-title":"Treatment of keloid scars using light-, laser- and energy-based devices: a contemporary review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Forbat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12406","article-title":"Treatment of surgical scars using a 595-nm pulsed dye laser using purpuric and nonpurpuric parameters: a comparative study","volume":"40","author":"Gladsjo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02283-2","article-title":"Intense pulsed light on skin rejuvenation: a systematic review","volume":"314","author":"Sales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000135638","article-title":"Characterization of rabbit ear skin as a skin model for in vitro transdermal permeation experiments: histology, lipid composition and permeability","volume":"21","author":"Nicoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"89","article-title":"The role of blood vessels and lymphatics in cutaneous inflammatory processes: an overview","volume":"109","author":"Braverman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2012.02.001","article-title":"The horizon for treating cutaneous vascular lesions","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6238","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-1790","article-title":"Diameter-dependent classification of dermal vasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"14","author":"Hoshino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51900","DOI":"10.3791\/51900","article-title":"Ischemic tissue injury in the dorsal skinfold chamber of the mouse: a skin flap model to investigate acute persistent ischemia","volume":"93","author":"Harder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22005","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of angiogenesis mediators before and after pulsed dye laser treatment of angiomas","volume":"44","author":"Laquer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04848-x","article-title":"A numerical study on the effect of laser therapy against port-wine stain by administering artificial red blood cells","volume":"41","author":"Yoneoka","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.70034","article-title":"The application of a novel intense pulsed light in the treatment of Rosacea-like mice","volume":"57","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22393","article-title":"Targeted narrowband intense pulsed light on cutaneous vasculature","volume":"47","author":"Moy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429367","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/429367","article-title":"Effects of intense pulsed light on tissue vascularity and wound healing: a study with mouse island skin flap model","volume":"2015","author":"Cao Minh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Surg Int"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S69106","article-title":"The role of lasers and intense pulsed light technology in dermatology","volume":"9","author":"Husain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2023.13","article-title":"The efficacy of intense pulsed light in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars","volume":"14","author":"Thanh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14325","article-title":"Laser in surgical scar clearance: an update review","volume":"20","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23183","article-title":"Beneficial effect of intense pulsed light on the wound healing in diabetic rats","volume":"52","author":"Jeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04862-z","article-title":"Facial laser complications (a five year review)","volume":"41","author":"Zhorov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1917018\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:31:31Z","timestamp":1787891491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1917018\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1917018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1917018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1917018"}}