{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:50:02Z","timestamp":1791352202361,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/1769-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/1769-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/05267-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/05267-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 in-hospital mortality varies substantially among patients, suggesting a role for host genetic factors beyond established clinical risk predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This case-control study investigated the association of the candidate SNPs rs2241880 (\n                      <jats:italic>ATG16L1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), rs1800450 (\n                      <jats:italic>MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), rs10754558 (\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and rs12252 (\n                      <jats:italic>IFITM3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), alongside clinical variables, with in-hospital mortality in consecutive hospitalized patients including 505 non-survivors and 535 survivors of acute COVID-19 treated at a public hospital in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, between March and August 2020. Baseline demographic, clinical, and genetic characteristics were compared between groups, and independent predictors of mortality were identified using multivariate logistic regression with Firth's penalized likelihood as the primary model to address quasi-complete separation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Deceased patients were significantly older, more frequently male, and had a higher comorbidity burden. In the Firth penalized model, male sex [exp(\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2009=\u20092.30; 95% CI: 1.33\u20134.02;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003], immunodeficiency [exp(\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2009=\u20095.06; 95% CI: 1.28\u201324.6;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019], and mechanical ventilation [exp(\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2009=\u2009136;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001] were independent clinical predictors of mortality. Nominally significant exploratory associations were observed for the rs2241880 G\/G genotype [\n                      <jats:italic>ATG16L1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; exp(\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2009=\u20092.27; 95% CI: 1.09\u20134.87;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028] and the rs12252 G\/G genotype [\n                      <jats:italic>IFITM3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; exp(\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2009=\u20095.83; 95% CI: 1.02\u201345.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047] with increased mortality risk, and for the rs1800450 T\/T genotype [\n                      <jats:italic>MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; exp(\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2009=\u20090.03; 95% CI: 0.00\u20130.94;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047] with reduced mortality risk; however, none of these associations survived correction for multiple testing. No association was observed for rs10754558 (\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Variant allele frequencies differed significantly across ethnic groups, particularly for rs12252, whose G allele was more frequent in Black (21.6%) than in White (13.9%) patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and a sensitivity analysis adjusting for self-reported ethnicity confirmed the directional consistency of genetic associations with marginally attenuated effect sizes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These exploratory findings suggest that innate immune pathways, including autophagy, antiviral restriction, and complement activation, may contribute to COVID-19 mortality risk in the highly admixed Brazilian population and underscore the importance of conducting genetic studies in populations currently underrepresented in global genomic databases. Replication in larger, multi-ancestry cohorts with matched clinical endpoints is warranted to confirm or refute these signals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1919908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:52:55Z","timestamp":1791348775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory analysis of innate immune gene polymorphisms and COVID-19 in-hospital mortality in a large admixed Brazilian cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mariene Ribeiro","family":"Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania Regina","family":"Tozetto-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariane Pereira","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa C\u00e1ssia","family":"Raymundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaella","family":"Medina-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iara Moreno","family":"Linhares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvina Clara","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla","family":"Honorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noely","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Sampaio","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos R. R.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuelle Leon\u00edlia","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Charlys","family":"Da-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cassia","family":"Mendes Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven S.","family":"Witkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15174-0","article-title":"The global dynamic transmissibility of COVID-19 and its influencing factors: an analysis of control measures from 176 countries","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01760-4","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in the general population: systematic review","volume":"133","author":"da Rosa Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.014","article-title":"COVID-19 and comorbidities: deleterious impact on infected patients","volume":"13","author":"Ejaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.025","article-title":"Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"De Lucena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020283","article-title":"Genomewide association study of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure","volume":"383","author":"Ellinghaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03767-x","article-title":"Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19","volume":"600","author":"Niemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04826-7","article-title":"A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19","volume":"608","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71476-2","article-title":"Genetic variants regulating the immune response improve the prediction of COVID-19 severity provided by clinical variables","volume":"14","author":"Delgado-Wicke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622176","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622176","article-title":"Genetics insight for COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a review","volume":"12","author":"Fricke-Galindo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01431-4","article-title":"In COVID-19, NLRP3 inflammasome genetic variants are associated with critical disease and these effects are partly mediated by the sickness symptom complex: a nomothetic network approach","volume":"27","author":"Maes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20201707","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201707","article-title":"Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients","volume":"218","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13286","article-title":"The potential importance of autophagy genes expression profile dysregulation and ATG polymorphisms in COVID-19 pathogenesis","volume":"131","author":"Yousefi","year":"2023","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0102023","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01020-23","article-title":"Bidirectional interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.11.008","article-title":"The role of the lectin pathway of the complement system in SARS-CoV-2 lung injury","volume":"231","author":"Malaquias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104717","article-title":"Mannose binding lectin gene 2 (rs1800450) missense variant may contribute to development and severity of COVID-19 infection","volume":"89","author":"Medetalibeyoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23662","article-title":"Association of genetic polymorphisms with COVID-19 infection and outcomes: an updated meta-analysis based on 62 studies","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155492","article-title":"The influence of IFITM3 polymorphisms on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19","volume":"142","author":"Sch\u00f6nfelder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2026.100925","article-title":"Implementation of an interdisciplinary research model at a tertiary University Hospital in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: post-COVID-19 cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Azevedo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200245","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-7849rac2021200245.por","article-title":"HCFMUSP: resili\u00eancia como resposta \u00e0 pandemia de COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Pedroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev adm Contemp"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/80.1.27","article-title":"Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates","volume":"80","author":"Firth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047","article-title":"A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression","volume":"21","author":"Heinze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv402","article-title":"LDlink: a web-based application for exploring population-specific haplotype structure and linking correlated alleles of possible functional variants","volume":"31","author":"Machiela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133844","article-title":"Obesity impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection: pros and cons \u201cobesity paradox\u201d-a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Vulturar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108651","article-title":"Interrelations between COVID-19 and other disorders","volume":"224","author":"Gasmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes","volume":"588","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00304-9","article-title":"Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Gebhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27081","article-title":"Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a scoping review","volume":"93","author":"Vadakedath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.017","article-title":"Impacts of immunosuppression and immunodeficiency on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003782","article-title":"Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection and intra-patient viral evolution in an immunodeficient child","volume":"42","author":"Filippi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa666","article-title":"Prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"223","author":"Baang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05594-1","article-title":"Obesity in the critically ill: a narrative review","volume":"45","author":"Schetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00872-9","article-title":"Obesity and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure","volume":"45","author":"Dana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7010e4","article-title":"Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death\u2014United States, March-December 2020","volume":"70","author":"Kompaniyets","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.75.45","article-title":"Authophagy: as an important host defence mechanism against viral infection SARS-CoV-2","volume":"75","author":"Aleebrahim-Dehkordi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1973","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1973","article-title":"Autophagy: the multi-purpose bridge in viral infections and host cells","volume":"28","author":"Abdoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-025-02169-3","article-title":"Dual-function cytokines as modulators of autophagy: reprogramming inflammatory resolution in severe COVID-19","volume":"75","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24007-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-mediated dysregulation of metabolism and autophagy uncovers host-targeting antivirals","volume":"12","author":"Gassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0334724","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03347-24","article-title":"Variants point to a critical role in emergent virus infections","volume":"16","author":"Denz","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2024.0015","article-title":"Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 Rs12252-G variant increases COVID-19 mortality potential in Egyptian population","volume":"37","author":"Elessawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.04.002","article-title":"Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variant rs12252 is associated with COVID-19 mortality","volume":"113","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.017","article-title":"The IFITM proteins mediate cellular resistance to influenza A H1N1 virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus","volume":"139","author":"Brass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692254","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.692254","article-title":"The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 -rs12252 allele may predict COVID-19 severity among ethnic minorities","volume":"12","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1086\/429631","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"191","author":"Ip","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01114-w","article-title":"Recognition and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by humoral innate immunity pattern recognition molecules","volume":"23","author":"Stravalaci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151058","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1151058","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the gene are associated with the plasma levels of MBL and the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in severe COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Queiroz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2021-0239","article-title":"The ambiguous role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in human immunity","volume":"16","author":"Kalia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140711","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140711","article-title":"The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe?","volume":"5","author":"Java","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141374","article-title":"Complement and tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps are key drivers in COVID-19 immunothrombosis","volume":"130","author":"Skendros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11597-4","article-title":"Association between MBL2 gene polymorphism and protection against leprosy in a population of northeastern Brazil: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Nogueira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100107","article-title":"First and second COVID-19 waves in Brazil: a cross-sectional study of patients\u2019 characteristics related to hospitalization and in-hospital mortality","volume":"6","author":"Zeiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadl3564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl3564","article-title":"Admixture\u2019s impact on Brazilian population evolution and health","volume":"388","author":"Nunes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230128","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0128","article-title":"Human genetic determinants of COVID-19 in Brazil: challenges and future plans","volume":"46","author":"Fam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08416-1","article-title":"Rare genetic variants and severe COVID-19 in previously healthy admixed Latin American adults","volume":"15","author":"Rocha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017063","article-title":"The genomic ancestry of individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil is more uniform than expected","volume":"6","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28648-3","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Naslavsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20100164","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of self-reported ancestry groups in an admixed Brazilian population","volume":"21","author":"Lins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502839","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1502839","article-title":"Exploring genetic loci linked to COVID-19 severity and immune response through multi-trait GWAS analyses","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Genet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1919908\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:52:56Z","timestamp":1791348776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1919908\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1919908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1919908","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"1919908"}}