{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:21:18Z","timestamp":1787721678364,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder caused by mutations in the SLC12A3 gene, with the pathogenic mechanism being impaired function of the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter. The disease is mainly characterized clinically by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypocalciuria. Retrosternal giant goiter is mostly caused by nodular goiter enlarging and extending downward into the anterior mediastinum, which may lead to tracheal compression and displacement. Patients with retrosternal giant goiter complicated with Gitelman syndrome often present with severe electrolyte disturbances and risk of difficult airway, and relevant literature reports are relatively rare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article reports a 75-year-old male patient with Gitelman syndrome who was scheduled for thyroidectomy due to \u201cretrosternal giant goiter causing left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy.\u201d Laboratory examination revealed severe hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and metabolic alkalosis. The supine hypertension panel showed significantly elevated renin activity. Ambulatory electrocardiography suggested frequent premature atrial contractions (&amp;gt;14,000 beats\/24\u202fh). Imaging revealed a huge mass in the left thyroid lobe (6.6\u202fcm\u202f\u00d7\u202f4.1\u202fcm) extending into the mediastinum, compressing the trachea and esophagus, with right-sided aortic arch deformity. After multidisciplinary consultation and active correction of electrolyte disturbances, the patient successfully underwent left total thyroidectomy + recurrent laryngeal nerve exploration under general anesthesia. Key management points included: preoperative optimization of electrolytes to safe thresholds; avoidance of drugs that prolong the QT interval and affect electrolyte balance; intraoperative continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and electrolyte monitoring; and formulation of a difficult airway plan. The patient recovered well postoperatively without serious complications such as arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The perioperative management of retrosternal giant goiter complicated with Gitelman syndrome is highly challenging. In this case, adequate preoperative assessment, active correction of electrolyte disturbances to safe thresholds, rational selection of anesthetic agents, formulation of a difficult airway management plan, and close monitoring were associated with a favorable clinical outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1920327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T04:42:08Z","timestamp":1787719328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perioperative management of a patient with retrosternal giant goiter and Gitelman syndrome: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The 960th Hospital of PLA","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]},{"name":"School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The 960th Hospital of PLA","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.046","article-title":"Gitelman syndrome: consensus and guidance from a kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference","volume":"91","author":"Blanchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-22","article-title":"Gitelman syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Knoers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.059002710.x","article-title":"Gitelman's syndrome revisited: an evaluation of symptoms and health-related quality of life","volume":"59","author":"Cruz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney 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deficiency","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2011.04.009","article-title":"Perioperative considerations in patients with Gitelman syndrome: a case series","volume":"24","author":"Farmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e944510","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.944510","article-title":"The influence of Acid-Base balance on anesthetic muscle relaxants: A comprehensive review on clinical applications and mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Radkowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197307000-00006","article-title":"Hypokalemia during anesthesia: the effects of d-tubocurarine, gallamine, succinylcholine, thiopental, and halothane with or without respiratory alkalosis","volume":"52","author":"Wong","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73921","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.73921","article-title":"Outcomes of total thyroidectomy in large goiters with retrosternal extension and tracheal compression: a multivariate analysis","volume":"16","author":"Sridar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.186608","article-title":"Airway Management in Patients with tracheal compression undergoing thyroidectomy: A retrospective analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sajid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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