{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:00:48Z","timestamp":1790863248189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a crucial imaging modality for the management of rectal cancer. Conventional MRI provides detailed anatomical information but has a limited capacity to evaluate tumor biology. Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) is an advanced functional MRI technique that simultaneously measures tissue cellularity and microvascular perfusion without contrast agents, providing deeper insights into the tumor microenvironment. This narrative review critically examines the current evidence on the clinical usefulness of IVIM MRI in rectal cancer, focusing on three key areas: tumor characterization and staging, prediction and monitoring of treatment response, and the reproducibility and limitations of IVIM parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted in vid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar from 2015 to October 2025. The search included keywords such as \u201cintravoxel incoherent motion OR IVIM\u201d and \u201crectal cancer OR colorectal cancer.\u201d Original studies with at least 10 patients were included; reviews, case reports, and animal studies were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The true diffusion coefficient D appears to be the most biologically interpretable and reproducible IVIM-derived parameter, with several studies linking lower D values to greater cellularity or more aggressive tumor features; however, findings are not uniform across all cohorts. While the perfusion fraction (f) has shown associations with markers of aggressiveness in some studies, its clinical utility is limited by poor reproducibility. For nodal staging, primary-tumor IVIM histogram models have shown promising diagnostic performance, although most evidence remains from single centers and is insufficiently validated. When assessing the response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), a post-treatment increase in D appears to be the most consistent IVIM-derived marker of treatment response. However, its clinical use still requires standardized acquisition and external validation while perfusion parameters (f and D*) exhibit poor test-retest reproducibility. Combining IVIM with complementary techniques, such as diffusion kurtosis imaging or radiomics, may improve predictive performance compared with individual parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IVIM-DWI provides non-contrast quantitative information on diffusion and perfusion in rectal cancer. Current evidence suggests that D is the most reproducible and biologically interpretable IVIM parameter, whereas f and D* remain limited by poor repeatability and protocol dependence. IVIM may add value for tumor characterization, nodal risk assessment, and treatment-response evaluation, particularly when combined with histogram analysis, DKI, or radiomics; however, standardized acquisition protocols and external validation are required before routine clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1925061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:17:11Z","timestamp":1790860631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical utility and reproducibility of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI in rectal cancer: a structured narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Alyami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meaad","family":"Elbashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turkey","family":"Refaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael","family":"Ageeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandar","family":"Alwadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naif A.","family":"Majrashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Althobity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University","place":["Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521691","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1521691","article-title":"Serum albumin-carcinoembryonic antigen ratio as an effective clinical tool for predicting recurrence and overall survival in patients with rectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2024.111839","article-title":"Baseline MRI-based radiomics improving the recurrence risk stratification in rectal cancer patients with negative carcinoembryonic antigen: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"182","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv22","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx224","article-title":"Rectal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Glynne-Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2021.0560","article-title":"High-resolution T2-weighted MRI to evaluate rectal cancer: why variations matter","volume":"22","author":"Gormly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5026-2","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for clinical management of rectal cancer: updated recommendations from the 2016 European society of gastrointestinal and abdominal radiology (ESGAR) consensus meeting","volume":"28","author":"Beets-Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164509","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2164509","article-title":"Preoperatively grading rectal cancer with the combination of intravoxel incoherent motions imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging","volume":"2020","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.110106","article-title":"Value of intravoxel incoherent motion for assessment of lymph node status and tumor response after chemoradiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851221100081","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for rectal cancer: correlation of diffusion and perfusion characteristics with clinical-pathologic factors","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2024.02.008","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging to assess early tumor response to radiation therapy: review and future directions","volume":"108","author":"Mesny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S309252","article-title":"MRI Evaluation of complete response of locally advanced rectal cancer after Neoadjuvant therapy: current status and future trends","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180655","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180655","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer: current applications and future perspectives","volume":"92","author":"Schurink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621023","DOI":"10.1155\/ijbi\/3621023","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy and correlation of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI perfusion parameters in oncology imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2025","author":"Abhijith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.161.2.3763909","article-title":"MR Imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders","volume":"161","author":"Le Bihan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111298","article-title":"Preoperative grading of rectal cancer with multiple DWI models, DWI-derived biological markers, and machine learning classifiers","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194590","article-title":"Comparison of six fit algorithms for the intra-voxel incoherent motion model of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data of pancreatic cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Gurney-Champion","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-016-0591-y","article-title":"A comparison of fitting algorithms for diffusion-weighted MRI data analysis using an intravoxel incoherent motion model","volume":"30","author":"Fusco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phys Biol Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6866","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006866","article-title":"Rectal cancer: short-term reproducibility of intravoxel incoherent motion parameters in 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"96","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185118791201","article-title":"Perfusion-sensitive parameters of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI in rectal cancer: evaluation of reproducibility and correlation with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-025-05102-8","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer MRI from theory to practice","volume":"51","author":"Mayumi Takamune","year":"2025","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21974","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15753","article-title":"Correlations between intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters and histological findings in rectal cancer: preliminary results","volume":"8","author":"Surov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4529-6","article-title":"The value of diffusion kurtosis magnetic resonance imaging for assessing treatment response of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.12.013","article-title":"Discrimination between metastatic and nonmetastatic mesorectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer using intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-019-0255-z","article-title":"Non-invasive MR assessment of the microstructure and microcirculation in regional lymph nodes for rectal cancer: a study of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09227-9","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging for discriminating the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68328-0","article-title":"Assessment of histologic prognostic factors of resectable rectal cancer: comparison of diagnostic performance using various apparent diffusion coefficient parameters","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2017.08.23","article-title":"A pilot study on correlations between preoperative intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging and postoperative histopathological features of rectal cancers","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.908574","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging of primary rectal carcinoma: correlation with histopathology","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26740","article-title":"Comparison of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging and multiecho dynamic contrast-based MRI in rectal cancer","volume":"50","author":"Bakke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5095940","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5095940","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic performance between perfusion-related intravoxel incoherent motion DWI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in rectal cancer","volume":"2021","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03426-3","article-title":"Correlation between diffusion kurtosis and intravoxel incoherent motion derived (IVIM) parameters and tumor tissue composition in rectal cancer: a pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11025-7","article-title":"Pathological prognostic factors of rectal cancer based on diffusion-weighted imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, and diffusion kurtosis imaging","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783544","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.783544","article-title":"Amide proton transfer weighted and intravoxel incoherent motion imaging in evaluation of prognostic factors for rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2022.20872","article-title":"Distinguishing T1-2 and T3a tumors of rectal cancer with texture analysis and functional MRI parameters","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W139","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.18342","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI of rectal cancer: correlation of diffusion and perfusion characteristics with prognostic tumor markers","volume":"210","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2020.12.008","article-title":"Associations between IVIM histogram parameters and histopathology in rectal cancer","volume":"77","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14814","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI combined with intravoxel incoherent motion in quantitative evaluation for preoperative risk stratification of resectable rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5329-y","article-title":"Could IVIM and ADC help in predicting the KRAS status in patients with rectal cancer?","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814.e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2019.07.004","article-title":"Role of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI in preoperative evaluation of DNA mismatch repair status in rectal cancers","volume":"74","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11612-2","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion-derived histogram analysis for quantitative evaluation of tumor budding and prognostic stratification in rectal cancer","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543607","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1543607","article-title":"A multivariate model of IVIM-DWI in the preoperative diagnosis of tumor budding grade in rectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2025.110430","article-title":"Correlation of pathologic features and prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma based on APT imaging and IVIM-DWI histogram","volume":"122","author":"Kan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5358","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-1614","article-title":"Histogram analysis based on intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging for determining the perineural invasion status of rectal cancer","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-025-02075-6","article-title":"Pretreatment intravoxel incoherent motion histogram metrics and clinical characteristics for prediction of perineural invasion status and survival in patients with rectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02555-9","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the microstructure of the mesorectum with different prognostic statuses by intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighed magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109731","article-title":"Prediction of false-negative extramural venous invasion in patients with rectal cancer using multiple mathematical models of diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11081-z","article-title":"Added value of histogram analysis of intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion kurtosis imaging for the evaluation of complete response to neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04629-6","article-title":"Combination of intravoxel incoherent motion histogram parameters and clinical characteristics for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25250","article-title":"Role of quantitative intravoxel incoherent motion parameters in the preoperative diagnosis of nodal metastasis in patients with rectal carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_76_19","article-title":"Value of intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating metastatic from nonmetastatic mesorectal lymph nodes with different short-axis diameters in rectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109869","article-title":"Histogram models based on intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging to predict nodal staging of rectal cancer","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03125-5","article-title":"Value of multiple models of diffusion-weighted imaging for improving the nodal staging of preoperatively node-negative rectal cancer","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.10.009","article-title":"Diagnostic efficiency of diffusion sequences and a clinical nomogram for detecting lymph node metastases from rectal cancer","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2018.08.012","article-title":"Correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameters in rectal cancer","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04375-9","article-title":"Correlation study of functional magnetic resonance index and clinicopathological features of rectal cancer","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10022-7","article-title":"The value of diffusion kurtosis imaging and intravoxel incoherent motion quantitative parameters in predicting synchronous distant metastasis of rectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5565902","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5565902","article-title":"Application of field-of-view optimized and constrained undistorted single shot (FOCUS) with intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) in 3T in locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"2021","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02594-4","article-title":"3.0T MRI IVIM-DWI for predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"46","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109504","article-title":"The value of intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion kurtosis imaging in the assessment of tumor regression grade and T stages after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016150702","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion\u2013derived histogram metrics for assessment of response after combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy in rectal cancer: initial experience and comparison between single-section and volumetric analyses","volume":"280","author":"Nougaret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2017.1287951","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of rectal cancer: tumour volume and perfusion fraction predict chemoradiotherapy response and survival","volume":"56","author":"Bakke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oncol (Madr)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25567","article-title":"Assessment of pathological complete response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy by means of multiple mathematical models of diffusion-weighted MRI in locally advanced rectal cancer: a prospective single-center study","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.12.005","article-title":"Multiple mathematical models of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging combined with prognostic factors for assessing the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"110","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8609","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238609","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion model of diffusion weighted imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging in differentiating of local colorectal cancer recurrence from scar\/fibrosis tissue by multivariate logistic regression analysis","volume":"10","author":"Fusco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02032-0","article-title":"Predicting the pathological response to chemoradiotherapy of non-mucinous rectal cancer using pretreatment texture features based on intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16821","article-title":"Preoperative detection of lymphovascular invasion in rectal cancer using intravoxel incoherent motion imaging based on radiomics","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28068","article-title":"A nomogram of combining IVIM-DWI and MRI radiomics from the primary lesion of rectal adenocarcinoma to assess nonenlarged lymph node metastasis preoperatively","volume":"56","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813138","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.813138","article-title":"The value of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging combined with texture analysis of evaluating the extramural vascular invasion in rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15734056243265","DOI":"10.2174\/0115734056243265231024054017","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging combined with texture analysis in predicting the histological grades of rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Med Imaging"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886101","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.886101","article-title":"Combining clinicopathology, IVIM-DWI and texture parameters for a nomogram to predict treatment response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03397-x","article-title":"Multi-parameter diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging and radiomics nomogram for preoperative evaluation of aquaporin-1 expression in rectal cancer","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Abdominal Radiology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1925061\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:17:12Z","timestamp":1790860632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1925061\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1925061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1925061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"1925061"}}