{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:53:00Z","timestamp":1791175980128,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Existing vision questionnaires were not designed to standardize immediate patient appraisal of a distance single-vision spectacle prescription during trial wear. This study developed and preliminarily evaluated the Adult Spectacle Trial-Wearing Experience Scale (ASTWES) for this decision point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Candidate items were informed by a structured literature search and interviews with eye-care and dispensing professionals, refined through two Delphi rounds, cognitively debriefed with 10 target patients, and piloted in 150 adults. Item reduction used corrected item-total correlations and principal-axis factoring with promax rotation. The independent formal psychometric evaluation sample comprised 393 adults within the prespecified 18\u201335-year age range; ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), robust maximum-likelihood sensitivity analysis, and reliability coefficients were used. An eligible subsample of 98 participants provided a 1-month satisfaction rating for exploratory association analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final questionnaire contained 9 items in 3 correlated domains: clarity and focus, comfort and stability, and environmental adaptation. Retained pilot-item loadings ranged from 0.694 to 0.890. The correlated three-factor model was supported under both CFA estimators, whereas a single-factor model fit poorly. Subscale Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.769 to 0.803. Omega hierarchical was 0.641, favoring subscale-first interpretation. The overall mean item score correlated with 1-month satisfaction (Spearman rho\u2009=\u20090.753,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001); its exploratory AUC was 0.850 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.772\u20130.918).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ASTWES is a concise candidate questionnaire with preliminary evidence of a correlated three-domain structure, acceptable internal consistency, and short-term clinical association in Chinese adults aged 18\u201335 years. Further independent patient-centered content evaluation and external validation are needed before routine use or fixed decision thresholds are considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1935095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:32:45Z","timestamp":1791174765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a spectacle trial-wear questionnaire for distance single-vision prescriptions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meina","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","article-title":"Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.104034","article-title":"Global cost of correcting vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error","volume":"90","author":"Fricke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861044","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.861044","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in young adults: review of findings from the raine study","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410120089033","article-title":"The quality of care. 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