{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:13Z","timestamp":1790139973333,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pervasive use of smartphones and other visual display terminals has heightened concerns regarding ocular health, especially the development or exacerbation of dry eye disease (DED) and inflammatory conjunctivitis. Prolonged screen viewing is consistently linked to a reduced spontaneous blink rate, accelerated tear-film evaporation, and a shortened tear-film break-up time (TBUT), factors that synergistically promote tear-film instability and ocular discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between excessive daily screen exposure and the prevalence of DED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is a secondary analysis of a publicly available, de-identified dataset from Kaggle (Dry Eye Disease Dataset,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920,000 adults aged 18\u201345 years). We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between average screen time and DED, adjusting for demographic, sleep, blood-pressure, body-mass index (BMI), and lifestyle covariates. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with smooth-spline fitting were applied to explore potential non-linear relationships.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 20,000 participants, 13,037 (65.2%) were classified as having DED according to the dataset label and 6,963 (34.8%) as not having DED. After full adjustment, each additional hour of average screen time was associated with 2% higher odds of DED [odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01\u20131.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0015]. This association remained consistent in Model 2 (OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0017) and in Model 3 (OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0029). Smooth-spline analysis indicated a non-linear dose-response relationship, with a nadir at approximately 3\u20134\u2005h\/day and a sharp increase beyond 9\u2005h\/day.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional analysis demonstrates a consistent, dose-dependent association between daily screen exposure and the prevalence of DED. Each additional hour of screen exposure was associated with higher odds of DED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1942816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:43:35Z","timestamp":1790138615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between average screen time and dry eye disease: a secondary analysis of publicly available cross-sectional data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]},{"name":"Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ChenJia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiYing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WenJuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050724","article-title":"The autoimmune rheumatic disease related dry eye and its association with retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6060","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206060","article-title":"Understanding the dry eye disease-related symptoms in South America: prevalence and associated factors-A","volume":"13","author":"Loaiza-Guevara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Systematic Review. 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