{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:04:40Z","timestamp":1790744680385,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and reduces patient confidence in treatment. Acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, and their combination have shown promise in the management of this condition. However, comparative research on these Chinese medicine modalities themselves and vs. Western medication remains scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were comprehensively searched from database inception to June 1, 2026. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in the eligible studies. Network meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 16 and R 4.5.3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 4 interventions were included. According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analysis, for total efficacy (TE), acupuncture plus herbal medicine ranked the highest (92.0%), followed by acupuncture (74.7%), herbal medicine (33.1%), and Western medicine (0.2%). For Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), acupuncture ranked first (82.0%), followed by acupuncture plus herbal medicine (76.8%), herbal medicine (36.4%), and Western medicine (4.9%). For adverse events, where a higher SUCRA indicates fewer events, acupuncture ranked first (78.8%), followed by herbal medicine (76.0%), acupuncture plus herbal medicine (45.2%), and Western medicine (&amp;lt;0.1%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combination therapy (acupuncture plus herbal medicine) showed the highest probability of being the most effective intervention for total efficacy based on SUCRA analysis, and significantly outperformed Western medication and herbal medicine alone. However, no significant difference was observed between combination therapy and acupuncture alone. Acupuncture alone ranked first for improving sleep quality (PSQI) and minimizing adverse events. Given the methodological limitations of the included studies, high-quality, rigorously designed RCTs are warranted to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD420261413406<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , Identifier CRD420261413406.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1961539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:50:38Z","timestamp":1790743838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, combined acupuncture-herbal therapy, and western medication for adult chronic insomnia: a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sixian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture and Massage College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60750-2","article-title":"Chronic insomnia","volume":"379","author":"Morin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Treatment of chronic insomnia in adults","volume":"109","author":"Matheson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.01.008","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"98","author":"Sutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden","volume":"17","author":"Morin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00021-6","article-title":"The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Riemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1617","article-title":"The pathophysiology of insomnia","volume":"147","author":"Levenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1499","article-title":"Reduced brain GABA in primary insomnia: preliminary data from 4\u2005T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)","volume":"31","author":"Winkelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4103\/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-24-00063","article-title":"Xenon gas as a potential treatment for opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder, and related disorders","volume":"15","author":"Kaufman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.372666","article-title":"Ozonated autohemotherapy combined with pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of thoracic postherpetic neuralgia in older adults: a retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-23-00036","article-title":"Ozone rectal insufflation mitigates chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairment through inflammation alleviation and gut microbiota regulation in mice","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01029-2","article-title":"Non-pharmacological approaches for management of insomnia","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.01.033","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for switching or deprescribing hypnotic medications for chronic insomnia: results of European neuropsychopharmacology and sleep expert\u2019s consensus group","volume":"128","author":"Palagini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i2123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2123","article-title":"Advances in the management of chronic insomnia","volume":"354","author":"Kay-Stacey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bmj-British Medical Journal"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117601","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for insomnia: recommendation mapping of the global clinical guidelines","volume":"322","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101892","article-title":"Acupuncture for primary insomnia: effectiveness, safety, mechanisms and recommendations for clinical practice","volume":"74","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38052","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038052","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in treating insomnia: a network pharmacology, GEO validation, and molecular-docking study","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd005472","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005472.pub3","article-title":"Acupuncture for insomnia","volume":"2012","author":"Cheuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33213","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033213","article-title":"Treatment of insomnia based on the mechanism of pathophysiology by acupuncture combined with herbal medicine: a review","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35942","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035942","article-title":"Acupuncture combined with Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of perimenopausal insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","article-title":"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications","volume":"146","author":"Sateia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"Rob 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"74","article-title":"Zuogui pill for refractory insomnia: a randomized parallel controlled study","volume":"29","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture combined with guipi decoction on sleep quality in patients with insomnia of heart-spleen deficiency","volume":"21","author":"Ba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Guide China Med"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"97","article-title":"Clinical observation on guipi decoction combined with acupuncture for 38 cases of insomnia of heart-spleen deficiency type","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Ethnomed Ethnopharm"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"366","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture for female perimenopausal insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shanghai J Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"126","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture plus auricular point sticking combined with Chinese herbal medicine on intractable insomnia","volume":"36","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Urban Rural Enterp Health"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"466","article-title":"Clinical study of yangxin hewei yimian decoction combined with acupuncture at anmian point for senile insomnia","volume":"37","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"50","article-title":"Acupuncture combined with modified xiaochaihu decoction for 20 cases of liver-qi stagnation insomnia","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Clinical observation on jieyu anshen decoction for insomnia in menopausal women","volume":"29","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"203","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with medicine in the treatment of insomnia","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chin Med Mater"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effect of spirit-regulating acupuncture on sleep quality, TCM syndrome scores and SDS scores in patients with insomnia of yin deficiency with effulgent fire type","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sichuan Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"56","article-title":"Clinical effect of electroacupuncture at jiaji points for insomnia with depressive disorder analyzed by resting-state functional MRI","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pract Clin J Integr Tradit Chin West Med"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"3088","article-title":"Clinical study on acupuncture combined with medicine in treating menopausal insomnia of yin deficiency and fire hyperactivity type","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Guangming J Chin Med"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Clinical observation of eye acupuncture for intractable insomnia","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"549","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture on the expression of different neurotransmitters in patients with liver-depression-fire type insomnia","volume":"35","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"43","article-title":"Clinical efficacy evaluation of self-made anshen yangxue decoction combined with warm needling and auricular acupoint therapy for refractory insomnia","volume":"36","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hebei Tradit Chin Med Pharmacol"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"178","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of mind-body regulating acupuncture for chronic insomnia","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Healthc"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"84","article-title":"Acupuncture combined with guipi decoction for heart-spleen deficiency type insomnia: a randomized parallel controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"11","article-title":"Clinical efficacy observation on baihe dihuang decoction combined with acupuncture for insomnia of yin deficiency constitution","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inner Mongolia J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"16","article-title":"Clinical observation of acupuncture at jiaji (EX-B2) points for insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Acupunct Moxib"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"12","article-title":"Clinical observation of yin-yang harmonization therapy for insomnia of heart-kidney disharmony type","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shanxi J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"17","article-title":"Clinical observation on tongdu tiaoshen acupuncture for insomnia","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"120","article-title":"Randomized parallel controlled study of bo zhiyun\u2019s abdominal acupuncture combined with qiju dihuang decoction for insomnia of liver-kidney yin deficiency in middle-aged and elderly patients","volume":"27","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"115","article-title":"Clinical effect of traditional Chinese medicine combined with acupuncture and auricular point pressing with beans in the treatment of insomnia","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nei Mongol J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"129","article-title":"Acupuncture combined with ningshen decoction no. 2 for liver-fire disturbing the heart type insomnia: a randomized parallel controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"101","article-title":"Clinical study on acupuncture combined with yangxin anshen decoction in treating insomnia of heart-spleen deficiency type","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inner Mongol J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B48","first-page":"72","article-title":"Modified xiaoyao powder combined with acupuncture for menstrual insomnia of liver depression and spleen deficiency type","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nei Mongol J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"716","article-title":"Scalp hairline zone row needling for 160 cases of insomnia","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Shaanxi J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"198","article-title":"Observation on the effect of acupuncture on the ren meridian for insomnia","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guide China Med"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"25","article-title":"Observation on the efficacy of acupuncture for insomnia in 31 cases","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Guangming J Chin Med"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"35","article-title":"Clinical comparative study of scalp point penetration needling as main therapy for 76 cases of insomnia","volume":"22","author":"Ni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Analysis of the efficacy of acupuncture for intractable insomnia","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin Trop Med"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"188","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture treatment for primary insomnia on each factor of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index","volume":"35","author":"Pi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sichuan Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"25","article-title":"Clinical observation on yin-zhong-yin-yang acupuncture method for senile insomnia","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Manip Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"2326","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of hewei anshen decoction for 52 male patients with stress insomnia","volume":"65","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-5257(12)60025-7","article-title":"Clinical observation on electroacupuncture combined with Chinese herbal medicine for insomnia","volume":"22","author":"WANG","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"114","article-title":"Randomized parallel controlled study on direct acupuncture combined with ningshen decoction in treating insomnia of liver fire disturbing heart type","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Clinical observation on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture in treating insomnia","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Diagn Treat"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"21","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of sedation and tranquilization acupuncture in 63 patients with insomnia","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shanghai J Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11726-016-0935-1","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of du-regulating and mind-tranquilizing acupuncture for insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acupunct Tuina Sci"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"17","article-title":"Acupuncture at dong\u2019s extraordinary points combined with sini powder for liver-depression and spleen-deficiency type insomnia in the elderly: a clinical observation","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Geriatr Care"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"51","article-title":"Modified guipi decoction combined with body acupuncture for 48 cases of insomnia of heart-spleen deficiency type","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med Res"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"3376","article-title":"Clinical observation of ganmai dazao decoction combined with suanzaoren decoction for insomnia of yin deficiency with fire hyperactivity type","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Guangming J Chin Med"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"570","article-title":"Clinical study on acupuncture combined with medicine in the treatment of insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"109","article-title":"Clinical observation of eye acupuncture therapy for insomnia","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"156","article-title":"Wendan anmian decoction combined with acupuncture for insomnia of phlegm-heat disturbing the heart type: a randomized parallel controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B68","first-page":"151","article-title":"Clinical study of acupuncture at six spirit-regulating points combined with three sleep points for primary insomnia of liver-fire disturbing heart type","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J New Chin Med"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"84","article-title":"Efficacy observation of yueju pill combined with superficial acupuncture for perimenopausal insomnia","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Guangming J Chin Med"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"4","article-title":"Clinical observation on mind-regulating acupuncture with extraordinary points for insomnia","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B71","first-page":"26","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with medicine in the treatment of insomnia","volume":"29","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Yunnan Coll Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"16","article-title":"Eryin decoction for diabetic insomnia: a randomized parallel controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B73","first-page":"678","article-title":"Clinical observation on liver-regulating and spleen-harmonizing Chinese herbal medicine for 36 cases of perimenopausal insomnia","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"24","article-title":"Randomized parallel controlled study of tian weizhu\u2019s eye acupuncture combined with wendan decoction for insomnia","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pract Tradit Chin Intern Med"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"26","article-title":"Acupuncture and moxibustion combined with Chinese herbal medicine in treating 36 cases of insomnia of heart-spleen deficiency type","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Extern Ther Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"1420","article-title":"Clinical observation on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on insomnia patients and its influence on the levels of inflammatory factors","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shaanxi J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture in patients with insomnia","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Sleep Med"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"608","article-title":"Acupuncture for perimenopausal early-awakening insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"B79","first-page":"200","article-title":"Clinical observation of fuzi decoction combined with guizhi gancao longgu muli decoction for insomnia of heart-kidney yang deficiency type","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"389","article-title":"Clinical study on tongdu tiaoshen acupuncture for insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"40","article-title":"Clinical observation on mind-tranquilizing and will-stabilizing electroacupuncture for psychogenic insomnia","volume":"37","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heilongjiang J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1179-9","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of moxibustion for primary insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105586","article-title":"Acupuncture for senile insomnia: a systematic review of acupuncture point","volume":"127","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.03.012","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of multiple acupuncture therapies for primary insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trial","volume":"93","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411545-3.00001-8","article-title":"History of acupuncture research","volume":"111","author":"Zhuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.20230308.001","article-title":"Efficacy of electroacupuncture stimulating shenmen (HT7), baihui (GV20), sanyinjiao (SP6) on spatial learning and memory deficits in rats with insomnia induced by para-chlorophenylalanine: a single acupoint combined acupoints","volume":"43","author":"Lina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46151","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000046151","article-title":"Effect of single acupoint and acupoints compatibility on PSQI in patients with primary insomnia: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Madr)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411545-3.00011-0","article-title":"Acupuncture for the treatment of insomnia","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406485","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1406485","article-title":"The central regulatory effects of acupuncture in treating primary insomnia: a review","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.1.19","article-title":"Acupuncture increases nocturnal melatonin secretion and reduces insomnia and anxiety: a preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Spence","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.06.011","article-title":"Metabolomics highlights pharmacological bioactivity and biochemical mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148017","article-title":"Pharmacological action, mechanism and structure-activity relationship of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"330","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2012.05.004","article-title":"Using immobilized G-protein coupled receptors to screen bioactive traditional Chinese medicine compounds with multiple targets","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.02.012","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment on primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0041","article-title":"Acupuncture for treatment of insomnia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.04.002","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of acupuncture in treating insomnia","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-18","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of suanzaoren decoction for primary insomnia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X80000311","article-title":"Central neurotransmitters and acupuncture analgesia","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3727\/036012989816358470","article-title":"Connections found between each meridian (heart, stomach, triple burner, etc.) & organ representation area of corresponding internal organs in each side of the cerebral cortex; release of common neurotransmitters and hormones unique to each meridian and corresponding acupuncture point & internal organ after acupuncture, electrical stimulation, mechanical stimulation (including shiatsu), soft laser stimulation or QI gong","volume":"14","author":"Omura","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acupunct Electrother Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411545-3.00005-5","article-title":"Acupuncture and neurotrophin modulation","volume":"111","author":"Soligo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-4462","article-title":"Nyctinastic herbs decoction improves para-chlorophenylalanine-induced insomnia by regulating the expression level of neurotransmitters","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12374","article-title":"Baihui\u201d (DU20)-penetrating \u201cqubin\u201d (GB7) acupuncture on blood-brain barrier integrity in rat intracerebral hemorrhage models via the RhoA\/ROCK II\/MLC 2 signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal Model Exp Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.04.005","article-title":"Acupuncture regulates astrocyte neurotoxic polarization to protect blood-brain barrier integrity in delayed thrombolysis through mediating ERK1\/2\/Cx43 axis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43789","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000043789","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03563.x","article-title":"Benzodiazepines revisited\u2013will we ever learn?","volume":"106","author":"Lader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.3310\/hta8240","article-title":"Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"8","author":"D\u00fcndar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X22500264","article-title":"Identifying dose components of manual acupuncture to determine the dose-response relationship of acupuncture treatment: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.26.2.111","article-title":"Defining an adequate dose of acupuncture using a neurophysiological approach\u2013a narrative review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1961539\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:51:02Z","timestamp":1790743862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1961539\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1961539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1961539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1961539"}}