{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:17:50Z","timestamp":1787026670076,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med. Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of all primary brain tumors, and it is responsible for around 200,000 deaths each year worldwide. The standard therapy for GBM treatment includes surgical resection followed by temozolomide-based chemotherapy and\/or radiotherapy. With this treatment, the median survival rate of GBM patients is only 15 months after its initial diagnosis. Therefore, novel and better treatment modalities for GBM treatment are urgently needed. Mounting evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical roles as regulators of gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are among the most studied ncRNAs in health and disease. Dysregulation of ncRNAs is observed in virtually all tumor types, including GBMs. Several dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs have been identified in GBM cell lines and GBM tumor samples. Some of them have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and as targets for GBM treatment. Most ncRNA-based therapies use oligonucleotide RNA molecules which are normally of short life in circulation. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been designed to increase the half-life of oligonucleotide RNAs. An additional challenge faced not only by RNA oligonucleotides but for therapies designed for brain-related conditions, is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is the anatomical barrier that protects the brain from undesirable agents. Although some NPs have been derivatized at their surface to cross the BBB, optimal NPs to deliver oligonucleotide RNA into GBM cells in the brain are currently unavailable. In this review, we describe first the current treatments for GBM therapy. Next, we discuss the most relevant miRNAs and lncRNAs suggested as targets for GBM therapy. Then, we compare the current drug delivery systems (nanocarriers\/NPs) for RNA oligonucleotide delivery, the challenges faced to send drugs through the BBB, and the strategies to overcome this barrier. Finally, we categorize the critical points where research should be the focus in order to design optimal NPs for drug delivery into the brain; and thus move the Oligonucleotide RNA-based therapies from the bench to the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2021.678593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T03:50:53Z","timestamp":1628567453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Targeting Non-coding RNA for Glioblastoma Therapy: The Challenge of Overcomes the Blood-Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Rohit K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo E.","family":"Vivas-Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2014.40559","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme-an overview","volume":"18","author":"Urba\u0144ska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017","volume-title":"Glioblastoma","author":"De Vleeschouwer","year":"2017"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2309","article-title":"Phase II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma","volume":"13","author":"Vredenburgh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524016666160429120150","article-title":"Diagnosis and new treatment modalities for glioblastoma: do they improve patient survival?","volume":"16","author":"Alcedo-Guardia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"2393","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl) imidazole-4-carboximide following administration of temozolomide to patients with advanced cancer","volume":"3","author":"Reid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9689-z","article-title":"Hypofractionated radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide in elderly patients with glioblastoma","volume":"91","author":"Minniti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.05.125","article-title":"Current status and future therapeutic perspectives of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy: A review","volume":"92","author":"Anjum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.01.004","article-title":"The role of BCNU polymer wafers (Gliadel) in the treatment of malignant glioma","volume":"23","author":"Nagpal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011093431901","article-title":"Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents","volume":"343","author":"Esteller","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21613","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-01007-5","article-title":"Current advances in immunotherapy for glioblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Mende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12624","article-title":"Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity","volume":"501","author":"Meacham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch6","volume-title":"Noncoding RNAs in Glioblastoma","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.082701.108","article-title":"Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/jib-2019-0027","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs and their integrated networks","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Integr Bioinform."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.08.027","article-title":"RNA interference for glioblastoma therapy: Innovation ladder from the bench to clinical trials","volume":"188","author":"Lozada-Delgado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90529-Y","article-title":"The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080794","article-title":"MiRNAs and cancer","volume":"174","author":"Visone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0893","article-title":"miRNA deregulation in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"Rupaimoole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.10.1.28","article-title":"The product of the H19 gene may function as an RNA","volume":"10","author":"Brannan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/349038a0","article-title":"A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome","volume":"349","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/msb4100181","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by small non-coding RNAs: a quantitative view","volume":"3","author":"Shimoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2017.06.003","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs on gene expression in cancers","volume":"216","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.10.003","article-title":"Rapid evolution of noncoding RNAs: lack of conservation does not mean lack of function","volume":"22","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.104","article-title":"The functions and unique features of long intergenic non-coding RNA","volume":"19","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.023","article-title":"Principles of long noncoding RNA evolution derived from direct comparison of transcriptomes in 17 species","volume":"11","author":"Hezroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176596","article-title":"Evolution of microRNA in primates","volume":"12","author":"Mccreight","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-103","article-title":"Novel classes of non-coding RNAs and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Sana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801105-8.00007-2","article-title":"The central role of noncoding RNA in the brain","volume":"116","author":"Guennewig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5020036","article-title":"Roles of non-coding RNAs in normal human brain development, brain tumor, and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"5","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1034","article-title":"From discovery to function: the expanding roles of long noncoding RNAs in physiology and disease","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.9064","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by a beclin 1-targeted microRNA, miR-30a, in cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03120","article-title":"The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs","volume":"432","author":"Gregory","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.030","article-title":"Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma","volume":"334","author":"Ciafre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.06.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs in cancer: Glioblastoma and glioblastoma cancer stem cells","volume":"77","author":"Brower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00019","article-title":"Clinical implications of microRNAs in human glioblastoma","volume":"3","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.10.003","article-title":"MicroRNAs in glioblastoma pathogenesis and therapy: A comprehensive review","volume":"120","author":"Ahir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7639084","article-title":"MicroRNA in glioblastoma: an overview","author":"Banelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Genomics."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8994","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1045","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 knockdown disrupts glioma growth in vivo and displays synergistic cytotoxicity with neural precursor cell-delivered S-TRAIL in human gliomas","volume":"67","author":"Corsten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24516","article-title":"Inhibition of miR-21 in glioma cells using catalytic nucleic acids","volume":"6","author":"Belter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2015.03.007","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression profile in malignant glioma tissues","volume":"9","author":"Piwecka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Oncol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017438","article-title":"A ten-microRNA expression signature predicts survival in glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35350","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35350","article-title":"Prioritizing cancer-related microRNAs by integrating microRNA and mRNA datasets","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-4575-8","article-title":"miR-22 inhibits the proliferation, motility, and invasion of human glioblastoma cells by directly targeting SIRT1","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601912475079","article-title":"The roles of SIRT1 in cancer","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Cancer."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1360-y","article-title":"Profiling cytotoxic microRNAs in pediatric and adult glioblastoma cells by high-content screening, identification, and validation of miR-1300","volume":"39","author":"Boissinot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03275-z","article-title":"MicroRNA-29a inhibits glioblastoma stem cells and tumor growth by regulating the PDGF pathway","volume":"145","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5494","article-title":"MicroRNA-370 suppresses the progression and proliferation of human astrocytoma and glioblastoma by negatively regulating \u03b2-catenin and causing activation of FOXO3a","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.11.8.14894","article-title":"\u03b2-catenin and Gli1 are prognostic markers in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2017.12.008","article-title":"MicroRNA-320 enhances radiosensitivity of glioma through down-regulation of sirtuin type 1 by directly targeting forkhead box protein M1","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Oncol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-009-9188-5","article-title":"MicroRNA function in cancer: oncogene or a tumor suppressor?","volume":"28","author":"Shenouda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068204","article-title":"Large-scale screens of miRNA-mRNA interactions unveiled that the 3\u2032 UTR of a gene is targeted by multiple miRNAs","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505495","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting micro RNA-10b in established intracranial glioblastoma: first steps toward the clinic","volume":"8","author":"Teplyuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1624","article-title":"A Sox2: miR-486-5p axis regulates survival of GBM cells by inhibiting tumor suppressor networks","volume":"80","author":"Lopez-Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2009.126","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-21 inhibits EGFR pathway and suppresses the growth of human glioblastoma cells independent of PTEN status","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Investig."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.05.016","article-title":"Restoring the oncosuppressor activity of microRNA-34a in glioblastoma using a polyglycerol-based polyplex","volume":"12","author":"Ofek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65331-3","article-title":"MicroRNA-128-3p Enhances the chemosensitivity of temozolomide in glioblastoma by targeting c-Met and EMT","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10100382","article-title":"Targeting MicroRNA-143 leads to inhibition of glioblastoma tumor progression","volume":"10","author":"Lozada-Delgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancers."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2020.1828259","article-title":"The molecular structure of long non-coding RNAs: Emerging patterns and functional implications","volume":"55","author":"Chill\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00150","article-title":"Structure, regulation, and function of linear and circular long non-coding RNAs","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112369","article-title":"Exploring the roles of lncRNAs in GBM pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential","volume":"9","author":"Stackhouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D128","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz073","article-title":"LncBook: a curated knowledgebase of human long non-coding RNAs","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2016.09.011","article-title":"RNA-DNA triplex formation by long noncoding RNAs","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0311-8","article-title":"Cellular functions of long noncoding RNAs","volume":"21","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0274-6","article-title":"Global DNA methylation profiling reveals new insights into epigenetically deregulated protein coding and long noncoding RNAs in CLL","volume":"8","author":"Subhash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna1010069","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs dysregulation and function in glioblastoma stem cells","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2951-0","article-title":"Blocking LINC00152 suppresses glioblastoma malignancy by impairing mesenchymal phenotype through the miR-612\/AKT2\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"140","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0322","article-title":"LINC00152 promotes invasion through a 3\u2032-hairpin structure and associates with prognosis in glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Reon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02552-0","article-title":"Profiling pro-neural to mesenchymal transition identifies a lncRNA signature in glioma","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1948-8","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA linc00645 promotes TGF-\u03b2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating miR-205-3p-ZEB1 axis in glioma","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.109","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA SNHG7 promotes the progression and growth of glioblastoma via inhibition of miR-5095","volume":"496","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533033820945802","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033820945802","article-title":"SNHG7 Facilitates glioblastoma progression by functioning as a molecular sponge for MicroRNA-449b-5p and thereby increasing MYCN expression","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz406","article-title":"Interfering with long non-coding RNA MIR22HG processing inhibits glioblastoma progression through suppression of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling","volume":"143","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2520-2","article-title":"NF-kappa B interacting long noncoding RNA enhances the Warburg effect and angiogenesis and is associated with decreased survival of patients with gliomas","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2010.328","article-title":"20 (S)-Ginsenoside Rg3-induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells is associated with AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"3","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1384","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA MALAT 1 knockdown reverses chemoresistance to temozolomide via promoting micro RNA-101 in glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10025-2","article-title":"Lnc-TALC promotes O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression via regulating the c-Met pathway by competitively binding with miR-20b-3p","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2540-y","article-title":"LncRNA SOX2OT promotes temozolomide resistance by elevating SOX2 expression via ALKBH5-mediated epigenetic regulation in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.144126","article-title":"Drug-induced modifications and modulations of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs for future therapy against Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"723","author":"Ramaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918986117","article-title":"ALKBH5 regulates anti-PD-1 therapy response by modulating lactate and suppressive immune cell accumulation in tumor microenvironment","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1477-5","article-title":"The lncRNA TP73-AS1 is linked to aggressiveness in glioblastoma and promotes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cancer stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Mazor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15383","article-title":"MALT1 is a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma and plays a crucial role in EGFR-induced NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12052","article-title":"siRNA delivery: from lipids to cell-penetrating peptides and their mimics","volume":"80","author":"Gooding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860701794353","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles for cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Parveen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Drug Target."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6010085","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based delivery of RNAi therapeutics: progress and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501197v","article-title":"Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles show high efficacy and specificity at DNA delivery to human glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Guerrero-C\u00e1zares","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1039\/C4BM00427B","article-title":"Lipid-coated polymeric nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomater Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b00390","article-title":"Bioreducible polymeric nanoparticles containing multiplexed cancer stem cell regulating miRNAs inhibit glioblastoma growth and prolong survival","volume":"18","author":"Lopez-Bertoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082230","article-title":"PEI-Coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles enable efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA targeting REST into glioblastoma cells","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322937111","article-title":"Lipopeptide nanoparticles for potent and selective siRNA delivery in rodents and nonhuman primates","volume":"111","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.03.017","article-title":"Tumor-targeting dual peptides-modified cationic liposomes for delivery of siRNA and docetaxel to gliomas","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(02)00117-1","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting","volume":"6","author":"Hans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701911114","article-title":"Multiplexed RNAi therapy against brain tumor-initiating cells via lipopolymeric nanoparticle infusion delays glioblastoma progression","volume":"114","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10143","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10143","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the clinic: An update","volume":"4","author":"Anselmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioeng Translat Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.04.020","article-title":"Cancer-selective nanoparticles for combinatorial siRNA delivery to primary human GBM in vitro and in vivo","volume":"209","author":"Kozielski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b04683","article-title":"Charge conversional biomimetic nanocomplexes as a multifunctional platform for boosting orthotopic glioblastoma RNAi therapy","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0022","article-title":"The effect of nanoparticle size on the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier: an in vivo study","volume":"12","author":"Betzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S36111","article-title":"The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.01.065","article-title":"Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2084338","article-title":"Nanoparticle size and surface chemistry determine serum protein adsorption and macrophage uptake","volume":"134","author":"Walkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8030131","article-title":"Enhanced delivery of therapeutic siRNA into glioblastoma cells using dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles conjugated with \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomaterials."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3417473","article-title":"Targeted Combination therapy for glioblastoma by co-delivery of doxorubicin, YAP-siRNA and gold nanorods","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"YAP-siRNA Gold Nanorods."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.05.021","article-title":"Lipid based nanocarriers: a translational perspective","volume":"14","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6111361","article-title":"Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems in cancer medicine: emphasis on RNAi-containing nanoliposomes","volume":"6","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S241055","article-title":"Brain targeted gold liposomes improve RNAi delivery for glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Grafals-Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.10732","article-title":"Effect of PEG pairing on the efficiency of cancer-targeting liposomes","volume":"5","author":"Saw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3763","article-title":"Non-viral vectors for gene-based therapy","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2019.1627174","article-title":"PEGylated liposomes: immunological responses","volume":"20","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Technol Adv Mater."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00059","article-title":"The polyethyleneglycol dilemma: advantage and disadvantage of PEGylation of liposomes for systemic genes and nucleic acids delivery to tumors","volume":"36","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biolo Pharm Bull."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9567","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07214","volume":"11","author":"Nel","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Insights Into Permeability as in the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect of Cancer Nanotherapeutics. ACS Nano."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221952","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221952","article-title":"Liposomal delivery of ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) siRNA in patient xenograft derived glioblastoma initiating cells suggests different sensitivities to radiation and distinct survival mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Ravi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2010.88","article-title":"Efficient delivery of liposome-mediated MGMT-siRNA reinforces the cytotoxity of temozolomide in GBM-initiating cells","volume":"17","author":"Kato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.01.051","article-title":"Combined anti-Galectin-1 and anti-EGFR siRNA-loaded chitosan-lipid nanocapsules decrease temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma: in vivo evaluation","volume":"481","author":"Danhier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.032","article-title":"Development of siRNA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles targeting Galectin-1 for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme via intranasal administration","volume":"227","author":"Van Woensel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01279-1","article-title":"Sensitization of glioblastoma tumor micro-environment to chemo-and immunotherapy by Galectin-1 intranasal knock-down strategy","volume":"7","author":"Van Woensel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01843-4","article-title":"Co-delivery of GOLPH3 siRNA and gefitinib by cationic lipid-PLGA nanoparticles improves EGFR-targeted therapy for glioma","volume":"97","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Med."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1021\/bm100561v","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic lipopolymers for micellar drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.84","article-title":"In vivo endothelial siRNA delivery using polymeric nanoparticles with low molecular weight","volume":"9","author":"Dahlman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03128","article-title":"Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells","volume":"432","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-429-2_4","article-title":"Poly (\u03b2-amino esters): procedures for synthesis and gene delivery.","volume-title":"Macromolecular Drug Delivery","author":"Green","year":"2009"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.334","article-title":"DNMT-dependent suppression of microRNA regulates the induction of GBM tumor-propagating phenotype by Oct4 and Sox2","volume":"34","author":"Lopez-Bertoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4903","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.22","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of a miR-296-5p: HMGA1 axis regulates Sox2 expression and glioblastoma stem cells","volume":"35","author":"Lopez-Bertoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogene."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.006","article-title":"Toxin-Mediated siRNA Delivery","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00233","article-title":"Efficient delivery of structurally diverse protein cargo into mammalian cells by a bacterial toxin","volume":"12","author":"Auger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Pharm."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel,0.201510054","article-title":"Disarmed anthrax toxin delivers antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA with high efficiency and low toxicity","volume":"220","author":"Dyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Rel."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz4848","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4848","article-title":"Attenuated diphtheria toxin mediates siRNA delivery","volume":"6","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.02.006","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery","volume":"106","author":"Vader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00104","article-title":"Exosomes as drug carriers for cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Pullan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Pharm."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-019-0136-4","article-title":"Emerging role of exosomes as promising diagnostic tool for cancer","volume":"27","author":"Jayaseelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0459-9","article-title":"The emerging role of exosomes in mental disorders","volume":"9","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.02.019","article-title":"Exosomes from marrow stromal cells expressing miR-146b inhibit glioma growth","volume":"335","author":"Katakowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2713","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.117","article-title":"Cell-based therapy using miR-302-367 expressing cells represses glioblastoma growth","volume":"8","author":"Fareh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.89","article-title":"The miR 302-367 cluster drastically affects self-renewal and infiltration properties of glioma-initiating cells through CXCR4 repression and consequent disruption of the SHH-GLI-NANOG network","volume":"19","author":"Fareh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differentiation."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.868","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells deliver synthetic microRNA mimics to glioma cells and glioma stem cells and inhibit their cell migration and self-renewal","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-019-00461-z","article-title":"Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes overexpressing microRNA-34a ameliorate glioblastoma development via down-regulating MYCN","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Oncol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102092","article-title":"Exosomes derived from microRNA-199a-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells inhibit glioma progression by down-regulating AGAP2","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63302-6","article-title":"Takase-Yoden S. Gene expression of neurotropic retrovirus in the CNS","volume":"105","author":"Watanabe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2001.0517","article-title":"Neurotropism and retrograde axonal transport of a canine adenoviral vector: a tool for targeting key structures undergoing neurodegenerative processes","volume":"5","author":"Pelt\u00e9kian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Therapy."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81850-0","article-title":"Neurotropism of herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain organ cultures","volume":"87","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gene Virol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.278","article-title":"Optimizing glioblastoma temozolomide chemotherapy employing lentiviral-based anti-MGMT shRNA technology","volume":"21","author":"Viel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Therapy."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-013-1704-9","article-title":"siRNA-mediated knockdown of SMC1A expression suppresses the proliferation of glioblastoma cells","volume":"381","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2009.99","article-title":"Highly efficient eradication of intracranial glioblastoma using Eg5 siRNA combined with HVJ envelope","volume":"16","author":"Matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2005.07.534","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 amplicon vector-mediated siRNA targeting epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits growth of human glioma cells in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Saydam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Therapy"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302967","article-title":"HSV-1 amplicon-mediated post-transcriptional inhibition of Rad51 sensitizes human glioma cells to ionizing radiation","volume":"14","author":"Saydam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302933","article-title":"Development of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors carrying small interfering RNA (shHec1)-mediated depletion of kinetochore Hec1 protein in tumor cells","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14766","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3632","article-title":"RNA nanoparticle as a vector for targeted siRNA delivery into glioblastoma mouse model","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.11.016","article-title":"RNA nanoparticle-based targeted therapy for glioblastoma through inhibition of oncogenic miR-21","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Therapy."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.303","article-title":"Microvesicle-associated AAV vector as a novel gene delivery system","volume":"20","author":"Maguire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Therapy."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2016.11","article-title":"Exosome-associated AAV vector as a robust and convenient neuroscience tool","volume":"23","author":"Hudry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123724","article-title":"Viral vectors as gene therapy agents for treatment of glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Mozhei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9010105","article-title":"Vectors for glioblastoma gene therapy: viral & non-viral delivery strategies","volume":"9","author":"Caffery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-020-00207-9","article-title":"Effects of oncolytic viruses and viral vectors on immunity in glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.03.006","article-title":"AAV6 vexosomes mediate robust suicide gene delivery in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Therapy-Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-0352-2","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction: the undervalued frontier of hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Katsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13324","article-title":"Mfsd2a is critical for the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"509","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","article-title":"Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier","volume":"468","author":"Armulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15046453","article-title":"The role of pericytes in neurovascular unit remodeling in brain disorders","volume":"15","author":"Elali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2757","article-title":"Astroglial networks: a step further in neuroglial and gliovascular interactions","volume":"11","author":"Giaume","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22575","article-title":"Glial influence on the blood brain barrier","volume":"61","author":"Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91301","article-title":"Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Horng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0205-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and blood-tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases","volume":"20","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.1.3","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development","volume":"2","author":"Pardridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRx."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:30:1:057","article-title":"Molecular biology of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"30","author":"Pardridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800624364","article-title":"Ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening","volume":"13","author":"Konofagou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opz374","article-title":"Focused ultrasound strategies for brain tumor therapy","volume":"19","author":"Bunevicius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Operat Neurosurg."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18773871","article-title":"MicroRNA-based therapeutics in central nervous system injuries","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metabo."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29400","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8837","article-title":"Anti-miR delivery strategies to bypass the blood-brain barrier in glioblastoma therapy","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.02.016","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated intratumoral inhibition of miR-21 for improved survival in glioblastoma","volume":"201","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.11.JNS091052","article-title":"Poor drug distribution as a possible explanation for the results of the PRECISE trial","volume":"113","author":"Sampson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9342796","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9342796","article-title":"Convection-enhanced delivery in malignant gliomas: a review of toxicity and efficacy","volume":"2019","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oncol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00966","article-title":"Convection-enhanced delivery: connection to and impact of interstitial fluid flow","volume":"9","author":"Stine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0363-4_15","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of chitosan-siRNA nanoparticle formulation to the brain.","volume-title":"Drug Delivery System","author":"Malhotra","year":"2014"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.06.032","article-title":"A potential non-invasive glioblastoma treatment: Nose-to-brain delivery of farnesylthiosalicylic acid incorporated hybrid nanoparticles","volume":"261","author":"Sekerdag","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Control Rel."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01019","article-title":"Transcytosis to cross the blood brain barrier, new advancements and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Pulgar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.126","article-title":"Drug transport across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"32","author":"Pardridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1021\/cc9800071","article-title":"A knowledge-based approach in designing combinatorial or medicinal chemistry libraries for drug discovery. 1 A qualitative and quantitative characterization of known drug databases.","volume":"1","author":"Ghose","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Combinat Chem."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1998.13.6.287","article-title":"Understanding the physiology of the blood-brain barrier: in vitro models","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiology."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777210","article-title":"Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to \u201copen\u201d the blood brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"Stamatovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12228","article-title":"A retrospective 30 years after discovery of the enhanced permeability and retention effect of solid tumors: next-generation chemotherapeutics and photodynamic therapy-problems, solutions, and prospects","volume":"23","author":"Maeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microcirculation."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.06.001","article-title":"Targeted drug delivery to tumors: myths, reality and possibility","volume":"153","author":"Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Control Rel."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.04.009","article-title":"The EPR effect: unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect","volume":"63","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4561","article-title":"Challenges and key considerations of the enhanced permeability and retention effect for nanomedicine drug delivery in oncology","volume":"73","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1432-3_22","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of nitric oxide for malignant tumor in animal models and human studies.","volume-title":"Nitric Oxide (NO) and Cancer.","author":"Yasuda","year":"2010"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2016.30","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseases","volume":"6","author":"Barar","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioImpacts: BI."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.02.012","article-title":"Carrier-mediated transport to enhance drug delivery to brain","volume":"1277","author":"Smith","year":"2005"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-020-02826-8","article-title":"L-Type amino acid transporter 1 as a target for drug delivery","volume":"37","author":"Puris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm Res."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34167-4","article-title":"Active carrier-mediated transport of melphalan by two separate amino acid transport systems in LPC-1 plasmacytoma cells in vitro","volume":"254","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-008-9055-2","article-title":"CNS delivery via adsorptive transcytosis","volume":"10","author":"Herv\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01447-4","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"21","author":"Lindgren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34080-2","article-title":"The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes","volume":"269","author":"Derossi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16010","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.25.16010","article-title":"A truncated HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain rapidly translocates through the plasma membrane and accumulates in the cell nucleus","volume":"272","author":"Vives","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209548200","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides: a reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake","volume":"278","author":"Richard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102112","article-title":"Biodistribution of TAT or QLPVM coupled to receptor targeted liposomes for delivery of anticancer therapeutics to brain in vitro and in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Lakkadwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9379-0","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier transport of therapeutics via receptor-mediation","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm Res."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1991.10.399","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of receptor-mediated endocytosis","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000383","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E metabolism and functions in brain and its role in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00269","article-title":"LRP-1 and LRP-2 receptors function in the membrane neuron. Trafficking mechanisms and proteolytic processing in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"3","author":"Spuch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00201","article-title":"Interactions between hyaluronan and its receptors (CD44, RHAMM) regulate the activities of inflammation and cancer","volume":"6","author":"Misra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi59","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox168.239","article-title":"DDIS-03 harnessing siRNA nanomedicine for therapeutic gene silencing in glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Gutkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-oncology."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4785-13.2014","article-title":"Comparison of five peptide vectors for improved brain delivery of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A","volume":"34","author":"B\u00f6ckenhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800219","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201800219","article-title":"Liposomes actively recognizing the glucose transporter GLUT1 and integrin \u03b1v\u03b23 for dual-targeting of glioma","volume":"352","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archiv der Pharmazie."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01194","article-title":"Tumor-associated Fibronectin targeted liposomal Nanoplatform for Cyclophilin a siRNA delivery and targeted malignant Glioblastoma therapy","volume":"9","author":"Saw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000416","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000416","article-title":"Single siRNA nanocapsules for effective siRNA brain delivery and glioblastoma treatment","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Mater."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.040899-0","article-title":"West Nile virus-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier in mice is characterized by the degradation of the junctional complex proteins and increase in multiple matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"93","author":"Roe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-018-0100-y","article-title":"Zika virus crosses an in vitro human blood brain barrier model","volume":"15","author":"Alimonti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.03.009","article-title":"Viral disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"20","author":"Spindler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.19.2109","article-title":"Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery","volume":"10","author":"Mazarakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2016.1223676","article-title":"The potential use of rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptides to facilitate drug delivery into the central nervous system: a mini review","volume":"25","author":"Huey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drug Target."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280590900427","article-title":"Rabies virus receptors","volume":"11","author":"Lafon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurovirol."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05901","article-title":"Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system","volume":"448","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.051","article-title":"Brain-targeting gene delivery and cellular internalization mechanisms for modified rabies virus glycoprotein RVG29 nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1068-6","article-title":"Cellular uptake mechanism and therapeutic utility of a novel peptide in targeted-delivery of proteins into neuronal cells","volume":"30","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Res."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1021\/am508760w","article-title":"RGD peptide-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles enable highly efficient and specific gene delivery to stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0240","article-title":"Efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA into glioblastoma cells using multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1039\/C6BM00708B","article-title":"Multifunctional PEI-entrapped gold nanoparticles enable efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA into glioblastoma cells","volume":"5","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomater Sci."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.04.001","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier delivery of protein and non-viral gene therapeutics with molecular Trojan horses","volume":"122","author":"Pardridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Control Rel."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.03.008","article-title":"shRNA and siRNA delivery to the brain","volume":"59","author":"Pardridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0740","article-title":"Intravenous RNA interference gene therapy targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor prolongs survival in intracranial brain cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medical Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2021.678593\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T03:51:03Z","timestamp":1628567463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2021.678593\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"references-count":220,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmedt.2021.678593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedt.2021.678593","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"article-number":"678593"}}