{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:03:59Z","timestamp":1787162639670,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med. Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate the early warning and prognostic evaluation of fecal calprotectin (FC), D-lactic acid, and bedside gastrointestinal ultrasound (B-GIUS) data for acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in sepsis patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sepsis patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of AGI into AGI and non-AGI groups. Healthy volunteers of the same period were selected as the control group. FC, B-GIUS data, D-lactic acid, etc. were collected on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days of admission. Twenty-eight-day mortality was recorded.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    FC, D-lactic acid levels, gastric antrum cross-sectional area, and small intestine wall thickness were significantly increased in group A and B (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05); furthermore, inner-to-outer diameter ratio and cross-sectional area of small intestine were lower than those in the control group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). FC, D-lactic acid, gastric antrum cross-sectional area and small intestine wall thickness in AGI group were higher than those in non-AGI group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Inner-to-outer diameter ratio and cross-sectional area of small intestine in AGI group were smaller than those in non-AGI group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). There was no difference in the thickness, inner-to-outer diameter ratio nor the cross-sectional area ratio of colon between AGI and non-AGI groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.05). AUC for D-lactic acid was 0.881, which was higher than FC's (0.74). When the D-lactic acid cutoff value was 22.16 \u03bcmol\/L, the sensitivity was 77.9% and the specificity was 92% for the prediction of AGI in sepsis. AUC for the cross-sectional area of the gastrointestinal antrum was 0.657, which was higher than the small intestine thickness's (0.629). When the gastric antrum cross-sectional area was larger than 4.20 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , the sensitivity was 64% and the specificity was 65.3%.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    D-Lactic acid and FC were early diagnostic indicators for sepsis with AGI, and D-lactic acid was the superior indicator. The gastric antrum cross-sectional area and the small intestine wall thickness had an early warning effect, and the prediction of the gastric antrum cross-sectional area was superior to that of the latter. Because it is non-invasive and convenient, B-GIUS can help in the diagnosis of sepsis with AGI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2021.733940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T01:10:40Z","timestamp":1635729040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of Fecal Calprotectin, D-Lactic Acid and Bedside Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Image Data for the Prediction of Acute Gastrointestinal Injury in Sepsis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Junlu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.13201\/j.ossn.1009-5918.2018.09.001","article-title":"Guidelines for emergency treatment of sepsis\/septic shock in China (2018)","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Emergency."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Research status of sepsis and intestinal barrier dysfunction[C]\/\/ National Academic Conference on Critical Disease and Emergency Medicine of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","author":"Yunxiang","year":"2010"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Janeczko\n            LorraineL\n          Fecal Calprotectin Distinguishes Between Organic Disease and Functional Disorder.2014"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.236927","article-title":"S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease","volume":"32","author":"Verill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.5.669","article-title":"Increased macrophage subset in inflammatory bowel disease:apparent recruitment from peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"35","author":"Rugtveit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-976X.2017.04.005","article-title":"Clinical significances of plasma diamineoxidase,D-lactate and endotoxin activity in critical ill patient with gastrointestinal dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Zhijie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lingnan Modern Clinical in Surgery."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3760\/j.issn:1671-0282.2004.10.005","article-title":"Clinicalstudyonbacterialtranslocationandgutbarrierdysfunctioninpostoperativepatients","volume":"13","author":"Zhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.6.524","article-title":"Measurement of gastric emptying by real-time ultrasound","volume":"23","author":"Bateman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002255","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: (2016)","volume":"43","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2459-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. 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