{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1789737428879,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med. Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases that affects more than 20% of the adult population worldwide, but fortunately, most of their blood pressure can be effectively controlled <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> drug treatment. However, there still remains 5\u201330% of patients clinically who do not respond well to conventional medication, while the non-drug treatments currently existing are struggling with major drawbacks like irreversible nerve damage, huge side effects, and even non-effectiveness. In this study, based on the physiological regulation mechanism of blood pressure and state-of-the-art neuromodulation technique, we worked along with the vagus nerve stimulation scheme, developed, and explored whether and how a real-time neural recording and stimulation system could provide an insight into self-adaptive modulation in the blood pressure, in the hope to crack a crevice in the closed-loop treatment for resistant hypertension. Unlike traditional neuromodulation devices, additional signal recording and real-time wireless transmission functions are added to the same device to realize the features of a dynamic monitor and modulator. The system is tested both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, showing decent electrical performance of 8 kHz sampling rate and flexible stimulation outputs which sufficiently covers our needs in manipulating neural activities of interest. A relatively stable drop in the blood pressure resulting from stimulation was observed and specific patterns in the vagus nerve signals relating to blood pressure could also be primarily identified. This laid a solid foundation for further studies on the final realization of closed-loop automatic adjustment for resistive hypertension treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2022.941686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T06:50:56Z","timestamp":1660114256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A system of real-time neural recording and stimulation and its potential application in blood pressure modulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Anruo","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runhuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001961","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the european society of cardiology (ESC) and the european society of hypertension (ESH)","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313599","article-title":"Global prevalence of resistant hypertension: a meta-analysis of data from 3.2 million patients.","volume":"105","author":"Noubiap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1902","article-title":"The sympathetic control of blood pressure","volume":"7","author":"Guyenet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62053-5","article-title":"Central arteriovenous anastomosis for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (the ROX CONTROL HTN study): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Lobo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.36329","article-title":"Effects of the creation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis on cardiac function and natriuretic peptide levels in CRF","volume":"40","author":"Iwashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.38.6.21","article-title":"Sympathetic nerve activity: role in regulation of blood pressure in the spontaenously hypertensive rat","volume":"38","author":"Judy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60566-3","article-title":"Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study","volume":"373","author":"Krum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.190413","article-title":"Rapid onset of renal sympathetic nerve activation in rabbits fed a high-fat diet","volume":"60","author":"Armitage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R353","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1980.238.5.R353","article-title":"Functional reinnervation and development of supersensitivity to NE after renal denervation in rats","volume":"238","author":"Kline","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04176","article-title":"Reinnervation of renal afferent and efferent nerves at 5.5 and 11 months after catheter-based radiofrequency renal denervation in sheep.","volume":"65","author":"Booth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30554-7","article-title":"Efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"395","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-1024-x","article-title":"Baroreflex amplification and carotid body modulation for the treatment of resistant hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Groenland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.96","article-title":"Carotid baroreflex activation therapy for resistant hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Victor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0364-1","article-title":"Device-based therapies for arterial hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Lauder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006974","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx493.P5853","article-title":"Pacemaker-mediated programmable hypertension control therapy","volume":"6","author":"Neuzil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020492","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.020492","article-title":"Pacemaker-based cardiac neuromodulation therapy in patients with hypertension: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Kalarus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12630","article-title":"A respiratory marker derived from left vagus nerve signals recorded with implantable cuff electrodes","volume":"21","author":"Sevcencu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0630-0","article-title":"Parasympathetic vagal control of cardiac function","volume":"18","author":"Dyavanapalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICICT1.2017.8342664","article-title":"KNN-DBSCAN: Using k-nearest neighbor information for parameter-free density based clustering. In;","volume-title":"2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)","author":"Sharma","year":"2017"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10639-w","article-title":"Chronic interfacing with the autonomic nervous system using carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn electrodes","volume":"7","author":"McCallum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12204-021-2259-7","article-title":"blood pressure change in intrafascicular vagal activities","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Principles and Applications of Bluetooth Low Energy Technology","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medical Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2022.941686\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T06:51:00Z","timestamp":1660114260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2022.941686\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmedt.2022.941686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedt.2022.941686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"article-number":"941686"}}