{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:17:50Z","timestamp":1787026670310,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med. Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) show abnormal cortical excitability that might be caused by deafferentation. We hypothesize a reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition preceding movement in patients with SCI compared with healthy participants. In addition, we expect that neuroplasticity induced by different types of sports can modulate intracortical inhibition during movement preparation in patients with SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used a reaction test and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to record cortical excitability, assessed by measuring amplitudes of motor-evoked potentials in preparation of movement. The participants were grouped as patients with SCI practicing wheelchair dancing (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), other sports (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096), no sports (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099), and healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were neither significant differences between healthy participants and the patients nor between the different patient groups. A non-significant trend (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.238), showed that patients engaged in sports have a stronger increase in cortical excitability compared with patients of the non-sportive group, while the patients in the other sports group expressed the highest increase in cortical excitability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The small sample sizes limit the statistical power of the study, but the trending effect warrants further investigation of different sports on the neuroplasticity in patients with SCI. It is not clear how neuroplastic changes impact the sensorimotor output of the affected extremities in a patient. This needs to be followed up in further studies with a greater sample size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2024.1297552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:51:08Z","timestamp":1715734268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of sports on cortical excitability in patients with spinal cord injury: a TMS study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Vanessa N.","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Langthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"H\u00f6hn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Schwenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aljoscha","family":"Thomschewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander B.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"H\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Nardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1053565","article-title":"Das deafferentierungskonzept [the deafferentation concept]","volume":"33","author":"Wiegand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/232542a0","article-title":"Formation of new connexions in adult rat brains after partial deafferentation","volume":"232","author":"Wall","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902240408","article-title":"Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys","volume":"224","author":"Merzenich","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm237","article-title":"Cortical sensory map rearrangement after spinal cord injury: fMRI responses linked to Nogo signalling","volume":"130","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw142","article-title":"Dual cortical plasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Humanes-Valera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.10.007","article-title":"Neuropathic pain and primary somatosensory cortex reorganization following spinal cord injury","volume":"141","author":"Wrigley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2717-10.2011","article-title":"Functional reorganization of the brain in humans following spinal cord injury: evidence for underlying changes in cortical anatomy","volume":"31","author":"Henderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.11.005","article-title":"Plasticity of motor threshold and motor-evoked potential amplitude\u2014a model of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in human motor cortex?","volume":"5","author":"Delvendahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. 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