{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:50:03Z","timestamp":1793638203377,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med. Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Encapsulating herbal extracts with wound-healing properties in liposomes may enhance their stability and delivery performance. This study evaluated the biological efficacy of a liposome-encapsulated ethanolic extract of\n                      <jats:italic>Centella asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (LEC) using in vitro and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      wound-healing models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ethanolic extract was incorporated into liposomes using the thin-film hydration method. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cell viability and migration were evaluated in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs).\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      wound-healing efficacy was examined using a rat excision wound model with daily topical application of LEC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LEC significantly reduced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 production in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced fibroblast viability and migratory capacity compared with the crude extract and vitamin E controls. In vivo, topical LEC markedly accelerated wound contraction, achieving 99.9 \u00b1 0.1% closure by Day 12, which was significantly greater than the normal saline-treated control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) and higher than the blank liposome group, while demonstrating comparable efficacy to vitamin E. Histological analysis revealed enhanced re-epithelialization, increased collagen deposition, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in LEC-treated wounds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that liposomal encapsulation enhances the bioactivity of\n                      <jats:italic>C. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound repair, supporting further development of LEC as a topical wound-healing formulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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