{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:29:01Z","timestamp":1793420941044,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med. Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To enable remote acquisition of patients' vital signs, ELTA Systems Ltd. developed a Radar remote vital signs acquisition system (TAMAR). The system identifies chest and neck respiratiory movements and pulse wave movements, enabling quantification of respiratory and pulse rates. The validation process of the TAMAR system is reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter, prospective observational study was performed, enrolling low acuity patients who presented to 3 Emergency Departments. Patients provided consent and had their pulse and respiratory rates simultaneously measured by the TAMAR radar system and a traditional monitor (Mindray BeneVision N15). Vital signs were recorded continuously by both systems for 150\u2005s, and later compared using Bland-Altman statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between May and September 2021 we enrolled 315 patients. Measurements were calculated in 181\/259 (70%) patients for Heart Rate (HR), and in 191\/252 patients (76%) for Respiratory Rate (RR). For RR, the upper level of agreement (LOA) was 1.0, and the lower LOA was 1.6 respirations per minute. For HR, the upper level of agreement was 4.7, and the lower LOA was 3.5 beats per minute. All of these were well below the predetermined acceptable LOA of +\/- 10 percent of the reference monitor rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The vital signs acquired by the TAMAR system, based on 90-second average measurements, are statistically adequate compared to traditional monitors, suggesting that TAMAR may replace traditional monitors for patients' triage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2026.1759641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:39:59Z","timestamp":1781069999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of remote radar based vital sign acquisition for emergency department patient triage"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yossi","family":"Shaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center","place":["Petah Tikva, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Innovation, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center","place":["Ashdod, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev","place":["Be'er Sheva, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiva","family":"Esterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center","place":["Petah Tikva, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommer","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center","place":["Petah Tikva, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Kurtsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center","place":["Petah Tikva, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Czerniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basis Statistics","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Israel, Ministry of Health Israel","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Hod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Israel, Ministry of Health Israel","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinchas","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Israel, Ministry of Health Israel","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagi","family":"Zimilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELTA System Ltd.","place":["Ashdod, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev","place":["Be'er Sheva, Israel"]},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center","place":["Ashdod, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Trotzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Management, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Gray Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilan","family":"Bublil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELTA System Ltd.","place":["Ashdod, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Drescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center","place":["Petah Tikva, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2015.02.003","article-title":"Clinical decision making in triage. An integrative review","volume":"41","author":"Stanfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Emergency Severity Index (ESI): A Triage Tool for Emergency Department Care, Version 4. Implementation Handbook 2012 Edition","author":"Gilboy","year":"2011"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.013","article-title":"Infection prevention for the emergency department: out of reach or standard of care?","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.02.024","article-title":"Infection prevention in the emergency department","volume":"64","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state","volume":"323","author":"Arentz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.005","article-title":"Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the lombardy region, Italy","volume":"323","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in New York city","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","article-title":"COVID-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region - case series","volume":"382","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13992","article-title":"Comparing rapid scoring systems in mortality prediction of critical ill patients with novel coronavirus disease","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13984","article-title":"Containing COVID-19 in the emergency room: the role of improved case detection and segregation of suspect cases","volume":"27","author":"Wee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-210783","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of emergency department triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19: the PRIEST observational cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"B18","year":""},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3227","article-title":"Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient","volume":"323","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3204","article-title":"Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore","volume":"323","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e6","article-title":"Characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19 - United States, February 12-April 9, 2020","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e5","article-title":"Transmission of COVID-19 to health care personnel during exposures to a hospitalized patient - solano county, California 2020","volume":"69","author":"Heinzerling","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.016","article-title":"COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand","volume":"104","author":"Joob","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30066-7","article-title":"Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000433","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.14.2000433","article-title":"Roll-out of SARS-CoV-2 testing for healthcare workers at a large NHS foundation trust in the United Kingdom, march 2020","volume":"25","author":"Keeley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1182","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1182","article-title":"COVID-19: a remote assessment in primary care","volume":"368","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa048","article-title":"Electronic personal protective equipment: a strategy to protect emergency department providers in the age of COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Turer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"B30","author":"Ziona","year":"2020"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937","article-title":"Measurement in medicine: the analysis of method comparison studies","volume":"32","author":"Altman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Statistician"},{"key":"B32","year":"2002"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2022.100219","article-title":"An impedometric sensor based on boronic acid @ plastic chip electrode for sensitive detection of prostate cancer biomarker spermine","volume":"12","author":"Luhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron: X"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1975.9992","article-title":"Noninvasive microwave measurement of respiration","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2650911","article-title":"A review on recent progress of portable short-range noncontact microwave radar systems","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2684138","article-title":"Accurate measurement in Doppler radar vital sign detection based on parameterized demodulation","volume":"65","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2479103","article-title":"Fast acquisition of heart rate in noncontact vital sign radar measurement using time-window-variation technique","volume":"65","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3267038","article-title":"Medical applications of shortwave FM radar: remote monitoring of cardiac and respiratory motion","volume":"37","author":"Mostov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7151","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616133","article-title":"A ka-band low power Doppler radar system for remote detection of cardiopulmonary motion","volume":"2005","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced template matching algorithm for instantaneous heartbeat detection using continuous wave radar systems","author":"Will","year":"2017"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2017.2766567","article-title":"Local pulse wave detection using continuous wave radar systems","volume":"1","author":"Will","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2017.2735241","article-title":"Review on advanced short-range multimode continuous-wave radar architectures for healthcare applications","volume":"1","author":"Munoz-Ferreras","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081169","article-title":"Short-Range noncontact sensors for healthcare and other emerging applications: a review","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6383","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306383","article-title":"Assessment of human respiration patterns via noncontact sensing using Doppler multi-radar system","volume":"15","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14830","DOI":"10.3390\/s150714830","article-title":"A method for remotely sensing vital signs of human subjects outdoors","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1986.325760","article-title":"An X-band microwave life-detection system","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2009.2029716","article-title":"Assessment of heart rate variability and respiratory Sinus arrhythmia via Doppler radar","volume":"57","author":"Massagram","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112492","article-title":"A clinically evaluated interferometric continuous-wave radar system for the contactless measurement of human vital parameters","volume":"19","author":"Michler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/10.817625","article-title":"Microwave life-detection systems for searching human subjects under earthquake rubble or behind barrier","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132879","article-title":"Review-Microwave radar sensing systems for search and rescue purposes","volume":"19","author":"Thi Phuoc Van","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0408-x","article-title":"A non-contact vital sign monitoring system for ambulances using dual-frequency microwave radars","volume":"47","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(05)80030-7","article-title":"A novel apparatus for non-contact measurement of heart rate variability: a system to prevent secondary exposure of medical personnel to toxic materials under biochemical hazard conditions, in monitoring sepsis or in predicting multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Matsui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.834250","article-title":"A novel method to prevent secondary exposure of medical and rescue personnel to toxic materials under biochemical hazard conditions using microwave radar and infrared thermography","volume":"51","author":"Matsui","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-018-1214-z","article-title":"Accuracy of remote continuous respiratory rate monitoring technologies intended for low care clinical settings: a prospective observational study","volume":"65","author":"van Loon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124027","article-title":"Validation of a new contactless and continuous respiratory rate monitoring device based on ultra-wideband radar technology","volume":"21","author":"Lauteslager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1203","article-title":"Respiratory rate measurement in adults\u2013how reliable is it?","volume":"96","author":"Lim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00023-2020","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00023-2020","article-title":"Current clinical methods of measurement of respiratory rate give imprecise values","volume":"6","author":"Drummond","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223155","article-title":"Accuracy and interobserver-agreement of respiratory rate measurements by healthcare professionals, and its effect on the outcomes of clinical prediction\/diagnostic rules","volume":"14","author":"Latten","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2017-006671","article-title":"Is everyone really breathing 20 times a minute? Assessing epidemiology and variation in recorded respiratory rate in hospitalised adults","volume":"26","author":"Badawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12885","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12885","article-title":"A review of the literature on the accuracy, strengths, and limitations of visual, thoracic impedance, and electrocardiographic methods used to measure respiratory rate in hospitalized patients","volume":"26","author":"Bawua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.103597","article-title":"A medical radar system for non-contact vital sign monitoring and clinical performance evaluation in hospitalized older patients.","volume":"75","author":"Yen Thi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"188","article-title":"A radar-based vital sign sensing system for in-bed monitoring in clinical applications","author":"Michler","year":"2020"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2014.23.8.414","article-title":"Why don't Nurses consistently take patient respiratory rates?","volume":"23","author":"Ansell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.891930","article-title":"Contact-free measurement of cardiac pulse based on the analysis of thermal imagery","volume":"54","author":"Garbey","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.5.057002","article-title":"Noncontact spirometry with a webcam","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801709","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.801709","article-title":"Contactless vital signs monitoring from videos recorded with digital cameras: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Molinaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9202-9","article-title":"Optical vibrocardiography: a novel tool for the optical monitoring of cardiac activity","volume":"35","author":"Morbiducci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185362","article-title":"Heartbeat detection by Laser Doppler vibrometry and machine learning","volume":"20","author":"Antognoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808451","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.808451","article-title":"Remote photoplethysmography: past, present, and future","volume":"13","author":"McDuff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062269","article-title":"Contactless vital signs monitoring from videos: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Molinaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3227038","article-title":"Remote photoplethysmography for heart rate estimation: a review of recent advances and challenges","volume":"72","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094217","article-title":"Contactless vital sign monitoring using computer vision: a review","volume":"23","author":"Dasari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031234","article-title":"Monitoring of respiratory rate using infrared thermography: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2022.3149242","article-title":"Non-contact respiratory monitoring using thermal imaging: current status and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00715-5","article-title":"Vital-sign monitoring and spatial tracking of multiple people using a contactless radar-based sensor","volume":"5","author":"Mercuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Electron"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2022.3205669","article-title":"A review on recent advances in Doppler radar sensors for noncontact healthcare monitoring","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020567","article-title":"Mmwave radar for non-contact vital sign monitoring: a review of recent advances","volume":"24","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102345","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2023.1102345","article-title":"Non-contact vital sign monitoring using radar: recent clinical advances and future perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Michler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.10.521","article-title":"Validation of a modified early warning score in medical admissions","volume":"94","author":"Subbe","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20329","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of sepsis-3 criteria for in-hospital mortality among patients with suspected infection presenting to the emergency department","volume":"317","author":"Freund","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002648","article-title":"Evaluation of sepsis using compensatory reserve measurement: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Benov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001430","article-title":"Measuring the compensatory reserve to identify shock","volume":"82","author":"Convertino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medical Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2026.1759641\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:40:01Z","timestamp":1781070001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2026.1759641\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmedt.2026.1759641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedt.2026.1759641","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"1759641"}}