{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:08:08Z","timestamp":1787065688491,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T05:58:06Z","timestamp":1445925486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Parasitic diarrheal disease: drug development and targets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Azam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudasir N.","family":"Peerzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094786","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"304","author":"Abrahamsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318273d95f","article-title":"Microsporidia and coccidia as causes of persistence diarrhea among liver transplant children: incidence rate and species\/genotypes","volume":"32","author":"Agholi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatry Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-06","article-title":"Current therapeutics, their problems, and sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism as a novel target against infections by amitochondriate protozoan parasites","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002","article-title":"Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.06.091","article-title":"Metronidazole hydrazone conjugates: design, synthesis, antiamoebic and molecular docking studies","volume":"25","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2008.10.017","article-title":"Targeting a uniquely nonspecific prenyl synthase with bisphosphonates to combat cryptosporidiosis","volume":"15","author":"Artz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2174\/157340707780809590","article-title":"Targeting Amoebiasis: status and developments","volume":"3","author":"Azam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Bioact. Compd."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Amebiasis: Biology and Pathogenesis of Entamoeba","author":"Azam","year":"2015"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-7846-0_10","article-title":"Chemotherapy of microsporidiosis: Benzimidazoles, fumagillin and polyamine analogues","volume-title":"Opportunistic Infections: Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, and Microsporidia","author":"Bacchi","year":"2004"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00327.x","article-title":"Polyamine synthesis and interconversion by the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi","volume":"48","author":"Bacchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0580","article-title":"Efficacy of antiamebic drugs in a mouse model","volume":"84","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(02)00007-8","article-title":"Is metronidazole carcinogenic?","volume":"511","author":"Bendesky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mut. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.03.013","article-title":"Design, synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of new 4-(phenylamino) thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine derivatives","volume":"14","author":"Bernardino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2007.11.005","article-title":"Bis-pyrazolines: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity as inhibitors of growth of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"44","author":"Bhat","year":"2009a","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890073","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4-substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene}thiosemicarbazides as new class of potential antiprotozoal agents","volume":"5","author":"Bhat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.200800461","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and anti-amoebic screening of core-modified 5, 20-Bis {2-{[(alkyl)(alkyl\u2032) amino] methyl} ferrocen-1-yl}-10, 15-diphenyl-21, 23-dithiaporphyrin (= 1, 1\u2033-(10, 15-Diphenyl-21, 23-dithiaporphine-5, 20-diyl) bis [2-{[(alkyl)(alkyl\u2032) amino] methyl} ferrocene]) Derivatives","volume":"92","author":"Bhat","year":"2009b","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877","article-title":"Comparative efficacy evaluation of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide, and paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum infections in a neonatal mouse model","volume":"42","author":"Blagburn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199203000-00009","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis with albendazole in patients with AIDS","volume":"6","author":"Blanshard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-12","article-title":"Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence","volume":"26","author":"Bouzid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.04.031","article-title":"The putative chitin deacetylase of Encephalitozoon cuniculi: a surface protein implicated in microsporidian spore-wall formation","volume":"247","author":"Brosson","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0155t.x","article-title":"A H2O-Producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia Duodenalis","volume":"241","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3030743","article-title":"Purification and molecular characterization of the NAD(+)-dependent acetaldehyde\/alcohol dehydrogenase from Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"303","author":"Bruchhaus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2008.02.002","article-title":"Synthesis of new 2-(5-substituted-3-phenyl-2-pyrazolinyl)-1,3-thiazolino[5,4-b]quinoxaline derivatives and evaluation of their antiamoebic activity","volume":"44","author":"Budakoti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.001","article-title":"Effects of metronidazole analogues on Giardia lamblia: experimental infection and cell organization","volume":"75","author":"Busatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028109059077","article-title":"Isospora belli infection in Australia","volume":"13","author":"Butler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.12.069","article-title":"Synthesis of 3-tetrazolylmethyl-4H-chromen-4-ones via Ugi-azide and biological evaluation against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomona vaginalis","volume":"22","author":"Cano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.05.004","article-title":"Cyclosporin A inhibits calcineurin (phosphatase 2B) and P-glycoprotein activity in Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"34","author":"Carrero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2014.07.010","article-title":"Blastocystis hominis infection in a post-cardiotomy patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: a case report and literature review","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inter. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"36","article-title":"A report case of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium mixed infection in a HIV-negative child in Thailand","volume":"84","author":"Chokephaibulkit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012473345-9\/50004-0","article-title":"3 \u2013 Energy metabolism in Anaerobic protozoa","author":"Coombs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Mol. Biol. Parasites"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.325","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"4","author":"Current","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02576-14","article-title":"Hsp90 inhibitors as new leads to target parasitic diarrheal diseases","volume":"58","author":"Debnath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02527-8","article-title":"Comparison of the phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activities of Cryptosporidium parvum, Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"76","author":"Denton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90144-X","article-title":"A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba","volume":"72","author":"Diamond","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.384","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of intestinal parasites with nitazoxanide in children in Mexico","volume":"68","author":"Diaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000244055.46382.23","article-title":"Microsporidiosis: current status","volume":"19","author":"Didier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Iinfect. Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2005.022","article-title":"Antimicrosporidial activity of (fluoro)quinolones in vitro and in vivo","volume":"52","author":"Didier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00020-06","article-title":"Antimicrosporidial activities of fumagillin, TNP-470, ovalicin, and ovalicin derivatives in vitro and in vivo","volume":"50","author":"Didier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.05.036","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"21","author":"Duque-Monta\u00f1o","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(96)00175-7","article-title":"Presistent diarrhea caused by Isospora belli: therapeutic response to pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine","volume":"26","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diagn. Microb. Infetc. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1937-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the transmission mode of B. hominis by using PCR method","volume":"107","author":"Eroglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.12.1885","article-title":"Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review","volume":"8","author":"Escobedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6322306","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: a eukaryote without glutathione metabolism","volume":"224","author":"Fahey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1980.tb02621.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural observations on microgametogenesis and the structure of the microgamete of Isospora felis","volume":"88","author":"Ferguson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(80)90431-6","article-title":"Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles with Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin","volume":"630","author":"Friedman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(00)00619-3","article-title":"Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of 2-(Trichloromethyl)-benzimidazole derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Gabriel Navarrete-Vaa Zquez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10502","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.553123","article-title":"Structural basis for inactivation of Giardia lamblia carbamate kinase by disulfiram","volume":"289","author":"Galkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biolog. Chem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153275","article-title":"Drug treatment and novel drug target against Cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"Gargala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04685.x","article-title":"Attachment and short-term maintenance of motility and viability of Entamoeba histolytica in a defined medium","volume":"27","author":"Gilin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-5521(95)90091-8","article-title":"Using evolutionary changes to achieve species-specific inhibition of enzyme action\u2013studies with triosephosphate isomerase","volume":"2","author":"G\u00f3mez-Puyou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-003-0067-x","article-title":"Emerging causes of travelers diarrhea: cryptosporidium, cyclospora, isospora, and microsporidia","volume":"5","author":"Goodgame","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2290-y","article-title":"Novel and promising compounds to treat Cryptosporidium parvum infections","volume":"109","author":"Graczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/318514","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea","volume":"32","author":"Guerrant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit645","article-title":"Amelioration of Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in vitro and in vivo by targeting parasite fatty acyl-coenzyme a synthetases","volume":"209","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022710","article-title":"Amebiasis","volume":"348","author":"Haque","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2009.01.005","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro trichomonicidal, giardicidal and amebicidal activity of N-acetamide(sulfonamide)-2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazoles","volume":"44","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Nunez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05078.x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of an endo\/exonuclease in Pneumocystis carinii that is inhibited by dicationic diarylfurans with efficacy against Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"45","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01159-06","article-title":"Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1086\/314056","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and resistance of older and newer fluoroquinolones","volume":"31","author":"Hooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2006.03.006","article-title":"An updated review on cryptosporidium and giardia","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1086\/422649","article-title":"Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients","volume":"39","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1492-y","article-title":"Relapse of intestinal and hepatic amebiasis after treatment","volume":"56","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.01.023","article-title":"Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-[4-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-propionic acid hydrazones as antiprotozoal agents","volume":"75","author":"Inam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48368","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA05472A","article-title":"Chloroquinoline\u2013acetamide hybrids: a promising series of potential antiprotozoal agents","volume":"5","author":"Inam","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2008.06.003","article-title":"Antiamoebic coumarins from the root bark of Adina cordifolia and their new thiosemicarbazone derivatives","volume":"44","author":"Iqbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2009.12.051","article-title":"New dioxazole derivatives: synthesis and effects on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis","volume":"45","author":"Irfan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.04.013","article-title":"Chlorine and ozone disinfection of Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores","volume":"39","author":"John","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.01.051","article-title":"Synthesis of 4\u2032-(2-ferrocenyl)-2,2\u2032:6\u20322\u2033-terpyridine: characterization and antiprotozoal activity of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes","volume":"75","author":"Juneja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-010-0604-8","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial and nitric oxide synthase inhibitory activities of novel isothiourea derivatives","volume":"33","author":"Kazimierczuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B71","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Common intestinal parasites","volume":"69","author":"Kucik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00155-6","article-title":"Trichomonads, hydrogenosomes and drug resistance","volume":"29","author":"Kulda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050211","article-title":"Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: a central role for thioredoxin reductase","volume":"5","author":"Leitsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064004","article-title":"Crystal structures of carbamate kinase from Giardia lamblia bound with citric acid and AMP-PNP","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03291","article-title":"The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"433","author":"Loftus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.08.001","article-title":"Characterisation of benzimidazole binding with recombinant tubulin from Giardia duodenalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"138","author":"Macdonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91330-O","article-title":"Treatment of Cyclospora infections with co-trimoxazole","volume":"342","author":"Madico","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1021\/ml500203p","article-title":"Repurposing Cryptosporidium inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors as potential antibacterial agents","volume":"5","author":"Mandapati","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-7646(02)00011-0","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and the challenges of chemotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Mead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2362-2366.2005","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of human immunodeficiency virus aspartyl protease inhibitors against Encephalitozoon intestinalis evaluated by cell culture-quantitative PCR assay","volume":"49","author":"Menotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chem."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01586-0","article-title":"Extracellular matrix-induced signaling in Entamoeba histolytica: its role in invasiveness","volume":"16","author":"Meza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1363-1","article-title":"Blastocystis hominis and the evaluation of efficacy of metronidazole and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole","volume":"96","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012924","article-title":"Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis","volume":"346","author":"Molina","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.02.052","article-title":"Solution-phase parallel synthesis of substituted chalcones and their antiparasitary activity against Giardia lamblia","volume":"17","author":"Montes-Avila","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B85","article-title":"In vivo study of efficacy of some metronidazole derivatives on Giardia lamblia","volume-title":"2nd International Conference on Innovation Challenges in Multidisciplinary Research and Practice","author":"Motazedian","year":"2014"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2015.03.001","article-title":"Comparative characterisation of two nitroreductases from Giardia lamblia as potential activators of nitro compounds","volume":"5","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drug. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01548-06","article-title":"A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides","volume":"51","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chem."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"165","article-title":"Mode of action of metronidazole on anaerobic bacteria and protozoa","volume":"93","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.3.646","article-title":"Effectiveness of roxithromycin for treating Isospora belli infection","volume":"158","author":"Musey","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26496-0","article-title":"Metronidazole induces programmed cell death in the protozoan parasite Blastocystis hominis","volume":"150","author":"Nasirudeen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100427","article-title":"Blastocystis hominis: evidence for caspase-3-like activity in cells undergoing programmed cell death","volume":"87","author":"Nasirudeen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2011.02.100","article-title":"Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity","volume":"21","author":"Navarrete-Vazquez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(03)00497-8","article-title":"Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of albendazole and mebendazole analogues","volume":"11","author":"Navarrete-Vazquez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.01.029","article-title":"2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites","volume":"22","author":"Nava-Zuazo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201402240","article-title":"In vitro antiamoebic activity evaluation and docking studies of metronidazole-triazole hybrids","volume":"9","author":"Negi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00129-7","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes encoding two isoforms of cysteine synthase in the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"97","author":"Nozaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. P arasitol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32445","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.45.32445","article-title":"Characterization of the gene encoding serine acetyltransferase, a regulated enzyme of cysteine biosynthesis from the protist parasites Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar regulation and possible function of the cysteine biosynthetic pathway in entamoeba","volume":"274","author":"Nozaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol Chem."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01529.x","article-title":"Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole in Blastocystis hominis infection","volume":"94","author":"Ok","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1160-1168.2005","article-title":"Antiamoebic and toxicity studies of a carbamic acid derivative and its therapeutic effect in a hamster model of hepatic amoebiasis","volume":"49","author":"Ordaz-Pichardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.003","article-title":"Therapy of intestinal protozoa","volume":"19","author":"Petri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ternds Parasitol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.11.003","article-title":"The impact of HIV-protease inhibitors on opportunistic parasites","volume":"21","author":"Pozio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33484-1","article-title":"6-phosphofructokinase (pyrophosphate). Properties of the enzyme from Entamoeba histolytica and its reaction mechanism","volume":"251","author":"Reeves","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42029-2","article-title":"Pyrophosphate: d-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase a new enzyme with the glycolytic function of 6-phosphofructokinase","volume":"249","author":"Reeves","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol Chem."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90193-6","article-title":"Albendazole as a future antigiardial agent","volume":"8","author":"Reynoldson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00809-4","article-title":"Structure and inactivation of triosephosphate isomerase from Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"322","author":"Rodriguez-Romero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.2.342","article-title":"Spiramycin for treatment of Cryptosporidium enteritis","volume":"160","author":"Saez-Llorens","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00284-0","article-title":"Blocking the expression of a calcium binding protein of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica by tetracycline regulatable antisense-RNA","volume":"126","author":"Sahoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01198","article-title":"Calcium binding protein 1 of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica interacts with actin and is involved in cytoskeleton dynamics","volume":"117","author":"Sahoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.6.833","article-title":"Involvement of superoxide dismutase and pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase in mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"40","author":"Samarawickrema","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.016","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of amide derivatives of trifluoromethionine against the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"35","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001121","article-title":"The mannitol cycle in Eimeria","volume":"114","author":"Schmatz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90133-8","article-title":"The arginine dihydrolase pathway is present in Giardia intestinalis","volume":"20","author":"Schofield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.609","article-title":"Global etiology of travelers diarrhea: systematic review from 1973 to the present","volume":"80","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.24.4.548-550.1986","article-title":"Association of Blastocystis hominis with signs and symptoms of human disease","volume":"24","author":"Sheehan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-013-0877-9","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization of 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines and their sulphonamide derivatives as anti-amoebic agents","volume":"23","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"B116","first-page":"782","article-title":"Parasitic causes of prolonged diarrhoea in travelers: diagnosis and management","volume":"41","author":"Slack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2004.06.001","article-title":"Blastocystis hominis and travelers","volume":"3","author":"Sohail","year":"2005","journal-title":"Travel. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B118","first-page":"373","article-title":"A case of severe human coccidiosis in Israel","volume":"11","author":"Syrkis","year":"1975","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-08","article-title":"New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B120","first-page":"194","article-title":"Review Paper Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review","volume":"28","author":"Tengku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9929","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20069929","article-title":"Potential amoebicidal activity of hydrazone derivatives: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical behavior, theoretical study and evaluation of the biological activity","volume":"20","author":"Toledano-Magana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.05.009","article-title":"Design, synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of benzimidazole-pentamidine hybrids","volume":"18","author":"Torres-Gomez","year":"2008a","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.05.009","article-title":"Design, synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of benzimidazole-pentamidine hybrids","volume":"18","author":"Torres-Gomez","year":"2008b","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000141724.06556.f9","article-title":"Albendazole therapy for Microsporidium diarrhea in immunocompetent Costa Rican children","volume":"23","author":"Tremoulet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatry Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(74)80167-8","article-title":"Chronic intestinal coccidiosis in man: intestinal morphology and response to treatment","volume":"66","author":"Trier","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.suppl_2.93","article-title":"Roxithromycin treatment for diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium spp. in patients with AIDS","volume":"41","author":"Uip","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.12.010","article-title":"Targeting a prokaryotic protein in a eukaryotic pathogen: identification of lead compounds against cryptosporidiosis","volume":"15","author":"Umejiego","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00726-06","article-title":"System for expression of microsporidian methionine amino peptidase type 2 (MetAP2) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"50","author":"Upadhya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199803)20:3<256::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"My favorite cell: giardia","volume":"20","author":"Upcroft","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.1.73","article-title":"Efficacy of new 5-nitroimidazoles against metronidazole-susceptible and-resistant Giardia, Trichomonas, and Entamoeba spp","volume":"43","author":"Upcroft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00346-3","article-title":"Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of 1H-benzimidazole derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Valdez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0496-2","article-title":"Is paromomycin the drug of choice for eradication of Blastocystis in adults?","volume":"19","author":"Van Hellemond","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-11-200006060-00006","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin for treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Verdier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.03.034","article-title":"Nitroimidazolyl hydrazones are better amoebicides than their cyclized 1,3,4-oxadiazoline analogues: in vitro studies and Lipophilic efficiency analysis","volume":"64","author":"Wani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.12.033","article-title":"Probing the antiamoebic and cytotoxicity potency of novel tetrazole and triazine derivatives","volume":"48","author":"Wani","year":"2012a","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2012.03.049","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel tetrazole embedded 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline derivatives as Entamoeba histolytica growth inhibitors","volume":"54","author":"Wani","year":"2012b","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001318","article-title":"Amebiasis in HIV-1-infected Japanese men: clinical features and response to therapy","volume":"5","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-6-474","article-title":"Isospora belli infection: treatment with pyrimethamine","volume":"109","author":"Weiss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B139","volume-title":"Diarrhoeal Disease","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.05.013","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity of chalcones bearing N-substituted ethanamine tail","volume":"98","author":"Zaidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2005.023","article-title":"Investigations into microsporidian methionine aminopeptidase type 2: a therapeutic target for microsporidiosis","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90019-1","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the gene for an NADP(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01328","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]],"date-time":"2015-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447632000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T09:42:54Z","timestamp":1653385374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01183\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"references-count":142,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]}}}