{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:31:49Z","timestamp":1773707509394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T03:06:41Z","timestamp":1470712001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity in Vibrio cholerae O139 Isolated from Cholera Cases in Delhi, India during 2001\u20132006"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Raikamal","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naresh C.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalpataru","family":"Halder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupak K.","family":"Bhadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goutam","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gururaja P.","family":"Pazhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumio","family":"Shinoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asish K.","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. Balakrish","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thadavarayan","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000206","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O139 in Calcutta, 1992-1998: incidence, antibiograms, and genotypes","volume":"6","author":"Basu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00932.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the rstR and orfU genes of the CTX prophages integrated in the small chromosomes of environmental Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00590.x","article-title":"Changing genotypes of cholera toxin (CT) of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Bangladesh and description of three new CT genotypes","volume":"57","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(81)90058-5","article-title":"Construction and fine mapping of recombinant plasmids containing the rrnB ribosomal RNA operon of E. coli.","volume":"6","author":"Brosius","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46982-0","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic traits and epidemiological implication of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains in India during 2003","volume":"56","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907787106","article-title":"Comparative genomics reveals mechanism for short-term and long-term clonal transitions in pandemic Vibrio cholerae","volume":"106","author":"Chun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement.","author":"CLSI","year":"2014"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.51","article-title":"Development and validation of a PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"3","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00632-06","article-title":"Spread of cholera with newer clones of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, serotype Inaba, in India","volume":"44","author":"Dutta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.9.2299-2306.1997","article-title":"Molecular analysis of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strains isolated in Bangladesh between 1993 and 1996: evidence for emergence of a new clone of the Bengal vibrios","volume":"35","author":"Faruque","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020443","article-title":"Reemergence of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O139, Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Faruque","year":"2003a","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337468100","article-title":"Emergence and evolution of Vibrio cholerae O139","volume":"100","author":"Faruque","year":"2003b","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09027.x","article-title":"Genomic diversity among Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated in Bangladesh and India between 1992 and 1998","volume":"184","author":"Faruque","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.020760","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of O139 Vibrio cholerae: mutation, lateral gene transfer, and founder flush","volume":"9","author":"Garg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emer. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00455.x","article-title":"Production and cross-reactivity patterns of a panel of high affinity monoclonal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal","volume":"8","author":"Garg","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01352.x","article-title":"Epidemiological study of Vibrio cholerae using variable number of tandem repeats","volume":"288","author":"Ghosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.11.2991-3000.2001","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the antibiotic resistance gene clusters in the Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1 SXT constins","volume":"45","author":"Hochhut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01128.x","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139","volume":"20","author":"Hoshino","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"65","article-title":"DNA probes for pathogenic Vibrio species","volume-title":"DNA Probes for Infectious Diseases","author":"Kaper","year":"1988"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90792-F","article-title":"Detecting and biotyping Vibrio cholerae O1 with multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"341","author":"Keasler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002089-0","article-title":"A large cholera outbreak due to a new cholera toxin variant of the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype in Orissa, Eastern India","volume":"58","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/000117-0","article-title":"Genetic organization of pre-CTX and CTX prophages in the genome of an environmental Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain","volume":"152","author":"Maiti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65326-3","article-title":"Resurgence of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal with altered antibiogram in Calcutta, India","volume":"348","author":"Mitra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00041.x","article-title":"Development and validation of a mismatch amplification mutation PCR assay to monitor the dissemination of an emerging variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor","volume":"52","author":"Morita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2149-2152.1998","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of reemergent Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in India","volume":"36","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/8.19.4321","article-title":"Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"33","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: the eighth pandemic strain of cholera","volume":"38","author":"Nair","year":"1994b","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.53.5.1203-1205.1987","article-title":"Evaluation of the multitest medium for rapid presumptive identification of Vibrio cholerae from environmental sources","volume":"53","author":"Nair","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01304-06","article-title":"Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh","volume":"44","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.1029","article-title":"Spread of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in India","volume":"169","author":"Nair","year":"1994a","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.25599-0","article-title":"Genesis of variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El tor: role of the CTX\u00d0\u010f array and its position in the genome","volume":"149","author":"Nandi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02040-08","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks caused by an altered Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype strain producing classical cholera toxin B in Vietnam in 2007 to 2008","volume":"47","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.1.22-25.1993","article-title":"Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains","volume":"31","author":"Olsvik","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2306-2310.2003","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae O139 in China: polymorphism of ribotypes and CTX elements","volume":"41","author":"Qu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"10","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against Ogawa-specific and Ogawa-Inaba common antigenic determinants of Vibrio cholerae & their diagnostic utility","volume":"101","author":"Ramamurthy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00035-2","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: odyssey of a fortuitous variant","volume":"5","author":"Ramamurthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01856.x","article-title":"rstR alleles of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated from Kolkata over a decade","volume":"303","author":"Raychoudhuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080543","article-title":"Classical ctxB in Vibrio cholerae O1, Kolkata, India","volume":"15","author":"Raychoudhuri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15328-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"363","author":"Sack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.080129","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 hybrid El Tor strains, Asia and Africa","volume":"14","author":"Safa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.12.3348-3350.1997","article-title":"Unique organization of the CTX genetic element in Vibrio cholerae O139 strains which reemerged in Calcutta, India, in September 1996","volume":"35","author":"Sharma","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-54.x","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O139: how great is the threat of a pandemic?","volume":"1","author":"Siddique","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990550","article-title":"El Tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to Asia and beyond","volume":"138","author":"Siddique","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080943","article-title":"Outbreaks caused by new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, India","volume":"15","author":"Taneja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910","article-title":"Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin","volume":"272","author":"Waldor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"309","article-title":"Cholera: global surveillance summary, 2008","volume":"84","author":"WHO","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.71.1037","article-title":"Distribution of serogroups of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera toxin, and addition of novel serogroups","volume":"71","author":"Yamai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00344-3","article-title":"The genes responsible for O-antigen synthesis of Vibrio cholerae O139 are closely related to those of Vibrio cholerae O22","volume":"237","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03354-13","article-title":"Molecular surveillance reveals the prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O139 isolates in China from 1993 to 2012","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T23:03:55Z","timestamp":1600988635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01250\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]]}}}