{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:15:09Z","timestamp":1790820909232,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T04:22:00Z","timestamp":1513830120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Role of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in the Pathogenesis of HAM\/TSP"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Enose-Akahata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Vellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000205","article-title":"Alteration of blood-brain barrier integrity by retroviral infection.","volume":"4","author":"Afonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2576","article-title":"Human blood-brain barrier disruption by retroviral-infected lymphocytes: role of myosin light chain kinase in endothelial tight-junction disorganization.","volume":"179","author":"Afonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600614981","article-title":"Use of human antigen presenting cell gene array profiling to examine the effect of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax on primary human dendritic cells.","volume":"12","author":"Ahuja","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9547-z","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of the FoxP3 TSDR in HAM\/TSP decreases the functional suppression of Tregs.","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0450-6","article-title":"Exosomes in viral disease.","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75250","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells.","volume":"124","author":"Araya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4551","article-title":"Enhancement of infectivity and persistence in vivo by HBZ, a natural antisense coded protein of HTLV-1.","volume":"107","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-154286","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 antisense-encoded gene, Hbz, promotes T-lymphocyte proliferation.","volume":"112","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s004019900170","article-title":"Histopathological analysis of four autopsy cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: inflammatory changes occur simultaneously in the entire central nervous system.","volume":"100","author":"Aye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2452","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein trans-activates interleukin 15 gene transcription through an NF-kappa\u03b2 site.","volume":"95","author":"Azimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.4064","article-title":"Involvement of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: implications for therapy with a monoclonal antibody directed to the IL-2\/15R beta receptor.","volume":"163","author":"Azimi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251540598","article-title":"IL-15 plays a major role in the persistence of Tax-specific CD8 cells in HAM\/TSP patients.","volume":"98","author":"Azimi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25072","article-title":"Imaging spinal cord atrophy in progressive myelopathies: HTLV-I-associated neurological disease (HAM\/TSP) and multiple sclerosis (MS).","volume":"82","author":"Azodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01513-06","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine gene induction by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 Tax in primary human glial cells.","volume":"81","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005285","article-title":"Cytoplasmic localization of HTLV-1 HBZ protein: a biomarker of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP).","volume":"11","author":"Baratella","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12469.1","article-title":"Single-cell heterogeneity and cell-cycle-related viral gene bursts in the human leukaemia virus HTLV-1.","volume":"2","author":"Billman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0249-3","article-title":"Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) for the precise quantification of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 proviral loads in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of HAM\/TSP patients and identification of viral mutations.","volume":"20","author":"Brunetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0443-3","article-title":"Presence of HTLV-I Tax protein in cerebrospinal fluid from HAM\/TSP patients.","volume":"150","author":"Cartier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00766.x","article-title":"The significance of OX40 and OX40L to T-cell biology and immune disease.","volume":"229","author":"Croft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90754-9","article-title":"Regulation of the human interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain promoter: activation of a nonfunctional promoter by the transactivator gene of HTLV-I.","volume":"49","author":"Cross","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00539-16","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-induced overexpression of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) facilitates trafficking of infected lymphocytes through the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"90","author":"Curis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.381","article-title":"An HTLV-I vaccine: Why, how, for whom?","volume":"9","author":"de The","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02752-06","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 integration target sites in the human genome: comparison with those of other retroviruses.","volume":"81","author":"Derse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-11-4350","article-title":"Preferential selection of human T-cell leukemia virus type I provirus integration sites in leukemic versus carrier states.","volume":"106","author":"Doi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-19","article-title":"Humoral immune response to HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) in HTLV-1-infected individuals.","volume":"10","author":"Enose-Akahata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-138529","article-title":"Retrovirally induced CTL degranulation mediated by IL-15 expression and infection of mononuclear phagocytes in patients with HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease.","volume":"112","author":"Enose-Akahata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12813-12822.2002","article-title":"The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription.","volume":"76","author":"Gaudray","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","article-title":"Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection.","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.6.1226","article-title":"Intrathecal synthesis of antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type I and the presence of IgG oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with endemic tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"157","author":"Gessain","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-312926","article-title":"The host genomic environment of the provirus determines the abundance of HTLV-1-infected T-cell clones.","volume":"117","author":"Gillet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-123430","article-title":"Dysregulation of TGF-beta signaling and regulatory and effector T-cell function in virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease.","volume":"111","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7568","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7568","article-title":"Direct visualization of antigen-specific T cells: HTLV-1 Tax11-19- specific CD8+ T cells are activated in peripheral blood and accumulate in cerebrospinal fluid from HAM\/TSP patients.","volume":"95","author":"Greten","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240606","article-title":"HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands contain anti-HTLV-I p24 antibody.","volume":"24","author":"Grimaldi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193191","article-title":"High frequency of viral protein expression in human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells.","volume":"16","author":"Hanon","year":"","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.3.721","article-title":"High production of interferon gamma but not interleukin-2 by human T-lymphotropic virus type I-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells.","volume":"98","author":"Hanon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.4.1386.004k22_1386_1392","article-title":"Abundant tax protein expression in CD4+ T cells infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is prevented by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.","volume":"95","author":"Hanon","year":"","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00065-0","article-title":"Fratricide among CD8+ T lymphocytes naturally infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I.","volume":"13","author":"Hanon","year":"","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00210.x","article-title":"Induction of OX40, a receptor of gp34, on T cells by trans-acting transcriptional activator, Tax, of human T-cell leukemia virus type I.","volume":"87","author":"Higashimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq078","article-title":"In vivo expression of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 basic leucine-zipper protein generates specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses that correlate with clinical outcome.","volume":"203","author":"Hilburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01727","article-title":"Nuclear localization of HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) is mediated by three distinct motifs.","author":"Hivin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.11784","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection of monocytes and microglial cells in primary human cultures.","volume":"89","author":"Hoffman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90060-Z","article-title":"Pathology of chronic myelopathy associated with HTLV-I infection (HAM\/TSP).","volume":"96","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/348245a0","article-title":"Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-I pX in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease.","volume":"348","author":"Jacobson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22284","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.549659","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected cells secrete exosomes that contain Tax protein.","volume":"289","author":"Jaworski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006120","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor enhances T-cell proliferation by impeding the suppressive signaling of co-inhibitory receptors.","volume":"13","author":"Kinosada","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.1845","article-title":"In vitro infection of human macrophages by human T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I).","volume":"8","author":"Koralnik","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1451","article-title":"In vivo infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in non-T cells.","volume":"196","author":"Koyanagi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.1.482","article-title":"Demonstration of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax-specific CD8+ lymphocytes directly in peripheral blood of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by intracellular cytokine detection.","volume":"161","author":"Kubota","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002028","article-title":"Expansion in CD39+ CD4+ immunoregulatory T cells and rarity of Th17 cells in HTLV-1 infected patients is associated with neurological complications.","volume":"7","author":"Leal","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.07.020","article-title":"Post-translational glycosylation of target proteins implicate molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated neurological disease.","volume":"204","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370206","article-title":"Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax RNA in the central nervous system of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by in situ hybridization.","volume":"37","author":"Lehky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-509","article-title":"Autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry as a cause of neurological disease.","volume":"8","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.12.1566","article-title":"Chronic progressive myelopathy associated with HTLV-I: oligoclonal IgG and anti-HTLV-I IgG antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum.","volume":"39","author":"Link","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24213","article-title":"In vivo imaging of spinal cord atrophy in neuroinflammatory diseases.","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001117","article-title":"HLA class I binding of HBZ determines outcome in HTLV-1 infection.","volume":"6","author":"Macnamara","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.6.4575-4581.1999","article-title":"The role of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected dendritic cells in the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"73","author":"Makino","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22678","article-title":"Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 but not of glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta prevents neurite retraction and tau hyperphosphorylation caused by secretable products of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected lymphocytes.","volume":"89","author":"Maldonado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005560","article-title":"CADM1\/TSLC1 identifies HTLV-1-infected cells and determines their susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis.","volume":"12","author":"Manivannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2602","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax activates IL-15R alpha gene expression through an NF-kappa B site.","volume":"166","author":"Mariner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2111","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation.","volume":"7","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.537","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and leukemic transformation: viral infectivity, Tax, HBZ and therapy.","volume":"30","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000141","article-title":"Visualization of HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the spinal cords of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"74","author":"Matsuura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9216-9","article-title":"Neuroimmunity of HTLV-I infection.","volume":"5","author":"Matsuura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2013.0036","article-title":"Tax posttranslational modifications and interaction with calreticulin in MT-2 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human T cell lymphotropic virus type-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients.","volume":"30","author":"Medina","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000027","article-title":"HTLV-1 integration into transcriptionally active genomic regions is associated with proviral expression and with HAM\/TSP.","volume":"4","author":"Meekings","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003271","article-title":"Genome-wide determinants of proviral targeting, clonal abundance and expression in natural HTLV-1 infection.","volume":"9","author":"Melamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9143","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.12.9143-9149.1997","article-title":"Astrocyte-specific expression of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax: induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha and susceptibility to lysis by CD8+ HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells.","volume":"71","author":"Mendez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25501","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.010959","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-21 gene and its receptor gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax in human T-cells.","volume":"284","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.4.1341","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax transactivates the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene: potential role in mediating adult T-cell leukemia invasiveness.","volume":"99","author":"Mori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289909015810","article-title":"Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type I p40tax protein in cerebrospinal fluid cells from patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"5","author":"Moritoyo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/317932","article-title":"Increased activated human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax11-19-specific memory and effector CD8+ cells in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: correlation with HTLV-I provirus load.","volume":"183","author":"Nagai","year":"","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114225","article-title":"Analysis of HTLV-I proviral load in 202 HAM\/TSP patients and 243 asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers: high proviral load strongly predisposes to HAM\/TSP.","volume":"4","author":"Nagai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10065","article-title":"Increased HTLV-I proviral load and preferential expansion of HTLV-I Tax-specific CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAM\/TSP.","volume":"50","author":"Nagai","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-136770","article-title":"HTLV-1-Tax and ICAM-1 act on T-cell signal pathways to polarize the microtubule-organizing center at the virological synapse.","volume":"114","author":"Nejmeddine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-306571","article-title":"Inhibition of immune activation by a novel nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor in HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease.","volume":"117","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5","article-title":"HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity.","volume":"1","author":"Osame","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.6.1335","article-title":"An inverse correlation of HTLV-I viral load in CSF and intrathecal synthesis of HTLV-I antibodies in TSP\/HAM.","volume":"53","author":"Puccioni-Sohler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000251300.24540.c4","article-title":"Differentiation of HAM\/TSP from patients with multiple sclerosis infected with HTLV-I.","volume":"68","author":"Puccioni-Sohler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-316463","article-title":"Kinetics and intracellular compartmentalization of HTLV-1 gene expression: nuclear retention of HBZ mRNAs.","volume":"117","author":"Rende","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.64.11.5682-5687.1990","article-title":"In vivo cellular tropism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1.","volume":"64","author":"Richardson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-19","article-title":"In vivo expression of the HBZ gene of HTLV-1 correlates with proviral load, inflammatory markers and disease severity in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP).","volume":"6","author":"Saito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-51","article-title":"Increased expression of OX40 is associated with progressive disease in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"10","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1820102.x","article-title":"Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance.","volume":"182","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423199113","article-title":"The retrovirus HTLV-1 inserts an ectopic CTCF-binding site into the human genome.","volume":"113","author":"Satou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507631103","article-title":"HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells.","volume":"103","author":"Satou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001274","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces T-cell lymphoma and systemic inflammation in vivo.","volume":"7","author":"Satou","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0263-z","article-title":"Absolute quantification of HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) protein and its plasma antibody in HTLV-1 infected individuals with different clinical status.","volume":"13","author":"Shiohama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.15.5389","article-title":"Activation of interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor (Tac) promoter expression by the trans-activator (tat) gene product of human T-cell leukemia virus, type I.","volume":"84","author":"Siekevitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.010199-0","article-title":"HBZ is an immunogenic protein, but not a target antigen for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.","author":"Suemori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-357459","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor impairs cell-mediated immunity by suppressing production of Th1 cytokines.","volume":"119","author":"Sugata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20007","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells.","volume":"109","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-960X(88)90012-4","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia.","volume":"2","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199307000-00010","article-title":"Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.","volume":"52","author":"Umehara","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199809000-00005","article-title":"Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.","volume":"57","author":"Umehara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-34","article-title":"Characteristic expression of HTLV-1 basic zipper factor (HBZ) transcripts in HTLV-1 provirus-positive cells.","volume":"5","author":"Usui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8522","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.11.8522-8530.1997","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene in T lymphocytes expressing human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein.","volume":"71","author":"Valentin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.8.5121","article-title":"The role of CTLs in persistent viral infection: cytolytic gene expression in CD8+ lymphocytes distinguishes between individuals with a high or low proviral load of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1.","volume":"173","author":"Vine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0009","article-title":"The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy.","volume":"3","author":"Waldmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00565.x","article-title":"\u2018Yin-Yang\u2019 functions of transforming growth factor-beta and T regulatory cells in immune regulation.","volume":"220","author":"Wan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003630","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces inflammation through labile Foxp3 expression.","volume":"9","author":"Yamamoto-Taguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006517","article-title":"Abnormally high levels of virus-infected IFN-gamma+CCR4+CD4+CD25+ T cells in a retrovirus-associated neuroinflammatory disorder.","volume":"4","author":"Yamano","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032042","article-title":"Increased expression of human T lymphocyte virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax11-19 peptide-human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen A\u2217201 complexes on CD4+ CD25+ T Cells detected by peptide-specific, major histocompatibility complex-restricted antibodies in patients with HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease.","volume":"199","author":"Yamano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.88","article-title":"Correlation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) mRNA with proviral DNA load, virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and disease severity in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM\/TSP).","volume":"99","author":"Yamano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00389","article-title":"Clinical pathophysiology of human T-lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis.","volume":"3","author":"Yamano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23913","article-title":"Virus-induced dysfunction of CD4+CD25+ T cells in patients with HTLV-I-associated neuroimmunological disease.","volume":"115","author":"Yamano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-326199","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor enhances TGF-beta signaling through p300 coactivator.","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T03:26:56Z","timestamp":1693366016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"article-number":"2563"}}