{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:13:31Z","timestamp":1788444811342,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537315200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T08:07:21Z","timestamp":1537344441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Impact of Distribution and Network Flushing on the Drinking Water Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Joline","family":"El-Chakhtoura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal E.","family":"Saikaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C. M.","family":"van Loosdrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes S.","family":"Vrouwenvelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.12.013","article-title":"Cohesiveness and hydrodynamic properties of young drinking water biofilms.","volume":"46","author":"Abe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"pH Increase in water distribution pipes.","author":"Al-Mutaz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paper Presented at IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Re-Use"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01050.x","article-title":"Bacterial activity and community composition in stream water and biofilm from an urban river determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and DGGE analysis.","volume":"43","author":"Araya","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"444","article-title":"Indicators for microbiologically induced corrosion of copper pipes in a cold-water plumbing system.","volume":"196","author":"Arens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EW00030D","article-title":"Emerging investigators series: microbial communities in full-scale drinking water distribution systems \u2013 a meta-analysis.","volume":"2","author":"Bautista-de los Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.05.001","article-title":"Biocorrosion: towards understanding interactions between biofilms and metals.","volume":"15","author":"Beech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6431a2","article-title":"Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water \u2013 United States, 2011\u20132012.","volume":"64","author":"Beer","year":"2015","journal-title":"CDC Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-013-0712-z","article-title":"Bacterial communities in sediments of a drinking water reservoir.","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.018","article-title":"A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States.","volume":"4","author":"Colford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"B10","author":"Deb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Impacts of Lining Material on Water Quality."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05005-11","article-title":"Global biogeography and quantitative seasonal dynamics of gemmatimonadetes in soil.","volume":"77","author":"DeBruyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.01.049","article-title":"The bacteriological composition of biomass recovered by flushing an operational drinking water distribution system.","volume":"54","author":"Douterelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.053","article-title":"Influence of hydraulic regimes on bacterial community structure and composition in an experimental drinking water distribution system.","volume":"47","author":"Douterelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.015","article-title":"Dynamics of bacterial communities before and after distribution in a full-scale drinking water network.","volume":"74","author":"El-Chakhtoura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.10.056","article-title":"Investigation of natural biofilms formed during the production of drinking water from surface water embankment filtration.","volume":"38","author":"Emtiazi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12137","article-title":"Bacterial community and groundwater quality changes in an anaerobic aquifer during groundwater recharge with aerobic recycled water.","volume":"85","author":"Ginige","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02164.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity and metagenomics of candidate division OP3.","volume":"12","author":"Gl\u00f6ckner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.009","article-title":"Flow-cytometric total bacterial cell counts as a descriptive microbiological parameter for drinking water treatment processes.","volume":"42","author":"Hammes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-4-1383","article-title":"Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans sp. nov., a syntrophic propionate-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium.","volume":"48","author":"Harmsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32241","article-title":"A novel denitrifying methanotroph of the NC10 phylum and its microcolony.","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06373-11","article-title":"Analysis of structure and composition of bacterial core communities in mature drinking water biofilms and bulk water of a citywide network in Germany.","volume":"78","author":"Henne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02698-08","article-title":"Genomic analysis of \u201cElusimicrobium minutum,\u201d the first cultivated representative of the phylum \u201cElusimicrobia\u201d (formerly termite group 1).","volume":"75","author":"Herlemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.158","article-title":"Refining the phylum Chlorobi by resolving the phylogeny and metabolic potential of the representative of a deeply branching, uncultivated lineage.","volume":"10","author":"Hiras","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"46","article-title":"Biological causes of tastes and odors in drinking water supplies.","volume":"13","author":"Hoehn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Water Qual. Bull."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.11.027","article-title":"Molecular analysis of point-of-use municipal drinking water microbiology.","volume":"49","author":"Holinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B26","author":"Ingerson-Mahar","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIP: The Microbiology of the Water Distribution System."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.002675-0","article-title":"Arcicella rosea sp. nov., isolated from tap water.","volume":"59","author":"K\u00e4mpfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","author":"Keevil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathogens in Environmental Biofilms. Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.07.032","article-title":"Overnight stagnation of drinking water in household taps induces microbial growth and changes in community composition.","volume":"44","author":"Lautenschlager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.03.002","article-title":"microbiology-based multi-parametric approach towards assessing biological stability in drinking water distribution networks.","volume":"47","author":"Lautenschlager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1980.tb04600.x","article-title":"Biologically mediated corrosion and its effects on water quality in distribution systems.","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00169-0","article-title":"Occurrence of nitrifying bacteria and nitrification in finnish drinking water distribution systems.","volume":"36","author":"Lipponen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1021\/es5009467","article-title":"Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial communities in unchlorinated drinking water distribution system: an integral study of bulk water, suspended solids, loose deposits, and pipe wall biofilm.","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20367","article-title":"Comparison of particle-associated bacteria from a drinking water treatment plant and distribution reservoirs with different water sources.","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5217-y","article-title":"Bacteriology of drinking water distribution systems: an integral and multidimensional review.","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.06.017","article-title":"Optimisation and significance of ATP analysis for measuring active biomass in granular activated carbon filters used in water treatment.","volume":"38","author":"Magic-Knezev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900148","article-title":"Phylogenetic composition, spatial structure, and dynamics of lotic bacterial biofilms investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy.","volume":"37","author":"Manz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8611","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8611-8617.2005","article-title":"Identification of bacteria in biofilm and bulk water samples from a nonchlorinated model drinking water distribution system: detection of a large nitrite-oxidizing population associated with Nitrospira spp.","volume":"71","author":"Martiny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2013.0174","article-title":"Comparing spatial and temporal diversity of bacteria in a chlorinated drinking water distribution system.","volume":"31","author":"McCoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.024","article-title":"An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application.","volume":"4","author":"Messner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096354","article-title":"Biological instability in a chlorinated drinking water distribution network.","volume":"9","author":"Nescerecka","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.1.201-210.2002","article-title":"New degenerate Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides-specific 16S ribosomal DNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes reveal high bacterial diversity in river taff epilithon.","volume":"68","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01135-14","article-title":"Spatial-temporal survey and occupancy-abundance modeling to predict bacterial community dynamics in the drinking water microbiome.","volume":"5","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8851","DOI":"10.1021\/es302042t","article-title":"Bacterial community structure in the drinking water microbiome is governed by filtration processes.","volume":"46","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.06.020","article-title":"Combining flow cytometry and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing: a promising approach for drinking water monitoring and characterization.","volume":"63","author":"Prest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-004-0498-x","article-title":"Ordination and significance testing of microbial community composition derived from terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms: application of multivariate statistics.","volume":"86","author":"Rees","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00237-3","article-title":"Diversity of nitrifying bacteria in full-scale chloraminated distribution systems.","volume":"37","author":"Regan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.09.015","article-title":"Role of shear stress on composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilm bacterial communities.","volume":"42","author":"Rochex","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117221","article-title":"Probabilistic models to describe the dynamics of migrating microbial communities.","volume":"10","author":"Schroeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-3-731","article-title":"Phylogenetic heterogeneity within the genus Herpetosiphon: transfer of the marine species Herpetosiphon cohaerens, Herpetosiphon nigricans and Herpetosiphon persicus to the genus Lewinella gen. nov. in the flexibacter-bacteroides-cytophaga phylum.","volume":"3","author":"Sly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65112-0","article-title":"Thiohalomonas denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thiohalomonas nitratireducens sp. nov., novel obligately chemolithoautotrophic, moderately halophilic, thiodenitrifying Gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline habitats.","volume":"57","author":"Sorokin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-6-2175","article-title":"Thioalkalispira microaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel lithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a soda lake.","volume":"52","author":"Sorokin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02391.x","article-title":"Amoebae in domestic water systems: resistance to disinfection treatments and implication in Legionella persistence.","volume":"97","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005288720291","article-title":"Biological stability: a multidimensional quality aspect of treated water.","volume":"123","author":"van der Kooij","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.07.016","article-title":"Effect of water composition, distance and season on the adenosine triphosphate concentration in unchlorinated drinking water in the Netherlands.","volume":"44","author":"van der Wielen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00387-09","article-title":"Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in groundwater treatment and drinking water distribution systems.","volume":"75","author":"van der Wielen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.11.021","article-title":"Sampling and quantifying invertebrates from drinking water distribution mains.","volume":"38","author":"van Lieverloo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1086\/652373","article-title":"Conceptual synthesis in community ecology.","volume":"85","author":"Vellend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60239-4","article-title":"Bacteriological challenges to asbestos cement water distribution pipelines.","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1021\/es402636u","article-title":"Effect of disinfectant, water age, and pipe materials on bacterial and eukaryotic community structure in drinking water biofilm.","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-33-3-580","article-title":"Sphingobacterium gen. nov., Sphingobacterium spiritivorum comb. nov., Sphingobacterium multivorum comb. nov., Sphingobacterium mizutae sp. nov., and Flavobacterium indologenes sp. nov.: glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods in CDC Groups IIK-2 and IIb.","volume":"33","author":"Yabuuchi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv281","article-title":"Comparative genomics of candidate phylum TM6 suggests that parasitism is widespread and ancestral in this lineage.","volume":"33","author":"Yeoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7804","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06059-11","article-title":"Partial genome assembly for a candidate division OP11 single cell from an anoxic spring (Zodletone Spring, Oklahoma).","volume":"77","author":"Youssef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127499","article-title":"In silico analysis of the metabolic potential and niche specialization of candidate phylum \u201cLatescibacteria\u201d (WS3).","volume":"10","author":"Youssef","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02205\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T20:59:22Z","timestamp":1751921962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02205\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"article-number":"2205"}}