{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:55:48Z","timestamp":1792734948713,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T05:16:52Z","timestamp":1555391812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Human Upper Respiratory Tract Epithelium Is Susceptible to Flaviviruses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nathalie J.","family":"Vielle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obdulio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Nicol\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blandina I.","family":"Oliveira Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Br\u00fcgger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Summerfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco P.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.004","article-title":"Interferon response to respiratory syncytial virus by bronchial epithelium from children with asthma is inversely correlated with pulmonary function","volume":"142","author":"Altman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12692","article-title":"Comparison of innate immune responses towards rhinovirus infection of primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"117","article-title":"An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission","volume":"45","author":"Austin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26333-4","article-title":"Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA in human throat samples in Laos\u2014a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Bharucha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix968","article-title":"Evidence for mother-to-child transmission of Zika virus through breast milk","volume":"66","author":"Blohm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"e1006164","article-title":"Zika virus antagonizes type I\u00a0interferon responses during infection of human dendritic cells","volume-title":"PLoS Pathog.","author":"Bowen","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30501","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2017.22.14.30501","article-title":"Blood donor screening for West Nile virus (WNV) revealed acute Usutu virus (USUV) infection, Germany, September 2016","volume":"22","author":"Cadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1017","article-title":"West Nile virus infection among turkey breeder farm workers--Wisconsin, 2002","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"e93","article-title":"Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging Zika virus: implications for disease pathogenesis, non-vector-borne human transmission and animal reservoirs","volume-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect.","author":"Chan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-016-0032-y","article-title":"Update on non-vector transmission of dengue: relevant studies with Zika and other flaviviruses","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"e0005520","article-title":"Isolation of dengue virus from the upper respiratory tract of four patients with dengue fever","volume-title":"PLoS Negl.Trop. Dis.","author":"Cheng","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01923-4","article-title":"Intranasal infection and contact transmission of Zika virus in guinea pigs","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1604449","article-title":"Evidence of sexual transmission of Zika virus","volume":"374","author":"D\u2019Ortenzio","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0436","article-title":"Dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus epidemiological shifts in Nepal: a case of opposing trends","volume":"88","author":"Dumre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.03.006","article-title":"The South Pacific epidemic strain of Zika virus replicates efficiently in human epithelial A549 cells leading to IFN-beta production and apoptosis induction","volume":"493","author":"Frumence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050124","article-title":"A Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine inducing antibodies strongly enhancing in\u00a0vitro infection is protective in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Garcia-Nicolas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01091-18","article-title":"Targeting of the nasal mucosa by Japanese encephalitis virus for non-vector-borne transmission","author":"Garcia-Nicolas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59008-X","article-title":"Origins, evolution, and vector\/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus","volume":"59","author":"Gould","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.11.008","article-title":"Identification of insect-specific flaviviruses in areas of Brazil and Paraguay experiencing endemic arbovirus transmission and the description of a novel flavivirus infecting Sabethes belisarioi","volume":"527","author":"Gravina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e666","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2107","article-title":"Transmission of West Nile virus through human breast milk seems to be rare","volume":"119","author":"Hinckley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02591-09","article-title":"Expression of type III interferon (IFN) in the vaginal mucosa is mediated primarily by dendritic cells and displays stronger dependence on NF-kappaB than type I\u00a0IFNs","volume":"84","author":"Iversen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2018.1521004","article-title":"Probable female to male sexual transmission of dengue virus infection","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"460","article-title":"Zika virus infection in Australia following a monkey bite in Indonesia","volume":"46","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00770-15","article-title":"Airborne transmission of a novel Tembusu virus in ducks","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0233-9","article-title":"Bagaza virus is pathogenic and transmitted by direct contact in experimentally infected partridges, but is not infectious in house sparrows and adult mice","volume":"46","author":"Llorente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384.e1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.03.010","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility to rhinovirus infection is greater for bronchial than for nasal airway epithelial cells in human subjects","volume":"123","author":"Lopez-Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2283","article-title":"Shedding of Japanese encephalitis virus in oral fluid of infected swine","volume":"18","author":"Lyons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01208.x","article-title":"The zoonotic flaviviruses of southern, south-eastern and eastern Asia, and Australasia: the potential for emergent viruses","volume":"56","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.05.146","article-title":"Antagonism of type I\u00a0interferon by flaviviruses","volume":"492","author":"Miorin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2024","article-title":"Birth outcomes following West Nile virus infection of pregnant women in the United States: 2003\u20132004","volume":"117","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00852","article-title":"Primary air-liquid interface culture of nasal epithelium for nasal drug delivery","volume":"13","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969","article-title":"Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002","volume":"349","author":"Pealer","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/v6010069","article-title":"Flavivirus entry receptors: an update","volume":"6","author":"Perera-Lecoin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Hygiene"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10832","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10832","article-title":"Vector-free transmission and persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs","volume":"7","author":"Ricklin","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0319-z","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus tropism in experimentally infected pigs","volume":"47","author":"Ricklin","year":"","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7030066","article-title":"An update on sexual transmission of Zika virus","volume":"7","author":"Sakkas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200911-1673OC","article-title":"Increased cytokine response of rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"182","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00102014","article-title":"Novel antiviral properties of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Schogler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00665-2015","article-title":"Vitamin D represses rhinovirus replication in cystic fibrosis cells by inducing LL-37","volume":"47","author":"Schogler","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.10.013","article-title":"Interferon response of the cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelium to major and minor group rhinovirus infection","volume":"15","author":"Schogler","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0706-7","article-title":"Characterization of pediatric cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell cultures at the air-liquid interface obtained by non-invasive nasal cytology brush sampling","volume":"18","author":"Schogler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.171122","article-title":"Human Usutu virus infection with atypical neurologic presentation, Montpellier, France, 2016","volume":"24","author":"Simonin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2014.925987","article-title":"Comparison of three different brushing techniques to isolate and culture primary nasal epithelial cells from human subjects","volume":"40","author":"Stokes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1610613","article-title":"Fatal Zika virus infection with secondary nonsexual transmission","volume":"375","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-015-0445-7","article-title":"Cytokine kinetics of Zika virus-infected patients from acute to reconvalescent phase","volume":"205","author":"Tappe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00209-07","article-title":"Identification of dengue virus in respiratory specimens from a patient who had recently traveled from a region where dengue virus infection is endemic","volume":"45","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11935","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01792-15","article-title":"Differential susceptibilities of human lung primary cells to H1N1 influenza viruses","volume":"89","author":"Travanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23734-3","article-title":"Silent infection of human dendritic cells by African and Asian strains of Zika virus","volume":"8","author":"Vielle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110203109","article-title":"In vitro modeling of respiratory syncytial virus infection of pediatric bronchial epithelium, the primary target of infection in\u00a0vivo","volume":"109","author":"Villenave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"183","article-title":"Wesselsbron virus\u2014a virus not previously described, associated with abortion in domestic animals","volume":"27","author":"Weiss","year":"1956","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.025","article-title":"Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases","volume":"140","author":"Weissenbock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00811\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T05:16:55Z","timestamp":1555391815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00811\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"article-number":"811"}}