{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:39:53Z","timestamp":1786325993542,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T07:45:46Z","timestamp":1557819946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Effect of Shikonin Against Candida albicans Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YingYing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-09","article-title":"Candida infections of the genitourinary tract.","volume":"23","author":"Achkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1179","article-title":"Evolution of antifungal-drug resistance: mechanisms and pathogen fitness.","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.004","article-title":"Portrait of Candida species biofilm regulatory network genes.","volume":"25","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.012","article-title":"The PATH (Prospective Antifungal Therapy) alliance registry and invasive fungal infections: update 2012.","volume":"73","author":"Azie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5322.105","article-title":"Control of filament formation in Candida albicans by the transcriptional repressor TUP1.","volume":"277","author":"Braun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.1.57","article-title":"TUP1, CPH1 and EFG1 make independent contributions to filamentation in Candida albicans.","volume":"155","author":"Braun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4753","article-title":"NRG1, a repressor of filamen- tous growth in C. albicans, is down-regulated during filament induction.","volume":"20","author":"Braun","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.2.584-589.2005","article-title":"cDNA microarray analysis of differential gene expression in Candida albicans biofilm exposed to farnesol.","volume":"49","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00032-07","article-title":"Candida albicans cell wall proteins.","volume":"72","author":"Chaffin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800031101","article-title":"Antifungal resistance of candida biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro.","volume":"80","author":"Chandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1100","article-title":"Cellular pharmacology studies ofshikonin derivatives.","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.692489","article-title":"Minimum inhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B, azoles and caspofungin against Candida species are reduced by farnesol.","volume":"51","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.06013.x","article-title":"Farnesol and dodecanol effects on the Candida albicans Ras1-cAMP signalling pathway and the regulation of morphogenesis.","volume":"67","author":"Davis-Hanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms.","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13594","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305982110","article-title":"Chemical screening identifies filastatin, a small molecule inhibitor of Candida albicans adhesion, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis.","volume":"110","author":"Fazly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1159\/000453134","article-title":"Quercetin assists fluconazole to inhibit biofilm Formations of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in in vitro and in vivo antifungal managements of vulvovaginal Candidiasis.","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90079-r","article-title":"Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: regulation by starvation and RAS.","volume":"68","author":"Gimeno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms.","volume":"18","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.67.7.2982-2992.2001","article-title":"Quorum sensing in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is mediated by farnesol.","volume":"67","author":"Hornby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00357-07","article-title":"Candida albicans Tup1 is involved in farnesol-mediatedinhibition of filamentous-growth induction.","volume":"7","author":"Kebaara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.50.1.97-101.1985","article-title":"Factors governing adherence of Candida species to plastic surfaces.","volume":"50","author":"Klotz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02288-12","article-title":"Activities of systematically administered echinocandins against in vivo mature Candida albicans biofilms developed in a rat subcutaneous model.","volume":"57","author":"Kucharicov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-0083-5","article-title":"Mechanisms behind the inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma cell by shikonin.","volume":"70","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.01.008","article-title":"Shikonin time-dependently induced necrosis or apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via generation of reactive oxygen species.","volume":"211","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01583-13","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo activities of pterostilbene against Candida albicans biofilms.","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.87","article-title":"Endogenous nitric oxide accumulation is involved in the antifungal activity of shikonin against Candida albicans.","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00144-12","article-title":"Farnesol and cyclic AMP signaling effects on the hypha-to-yeast transition in Candida albicans.","volume":"11","author":"Lindsay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7992058","article-title":"Suppression of hyphal formation in Candida albicans by mutation of a STE12 homolog.","volume":"266","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.10.043","article-title":"Discovery of simplified sampangine derivatives as novel fungal biofilm inhibitors.","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.02.043","article-title":"Shikonin extracted from medicinal Chinese herbs exerts anti-inflammatory effect via proteasome inhibition.","volume":"658","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.1100902.x","article-title":"Candida glabrata, an emerging fungal pathogen, exhibits superior relative cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion to denture acrylic surfaces compared with Candida albicans.","volume":"110","author":"Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00338","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Shikonin on Candida albicans growth.","volume":"35","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.030","article-title":"Amphotericin B lipid complex is efficacious in the treatment of Candida albicans biofilms using a model of catheter-associated Candida biofilms.","volume":"33","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.06.065","article-title":"Shikonins attenuate microglial inflammatory responses by inhibition of ERK, Akt, and NF-kappaB: neuroprotective implications.","volume":"55","author":"Nam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01182-06","article-title":"Effect of farnesol on a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, determined by use of a DPP3 knockout mutant of Candida albicans.","volume":"75","author":"Navarathna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05126-11","article-title":"Interface of Candida albicans biofilm matrix-associated drug resistance and cell wall integrity regulation.","volume":"10","author":"Nett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020063","article-title":"Critical role of Bcr1-dependent adhesins in C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"2","author":"Nobile","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.048","article-title":"A recently evolved transcriptional network controls biofilm development in candida albicans.","volume":"148","author":"Nobile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.05.047","article-title":"Regulation of cell-surface genes and biofilm formation by the C. albicans transcription factor Bcr1p.","volume":"15","author":"Nobile","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem.","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1337711","article-title":"Farnesolsignalling in Candida albicans - more than just communication.","volume":"44","author":"Polke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01292.x","article-title":"Factors associated with adherence to and biofilm formation on polystyrene by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: the role of cell surface hydrophobicity and motility.","volume":"287","author":"Pompilio","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.50.3.1096-1099.2006","article-title":"Potent in vitro synergism of fluconazole and berberine chloride against clinical isolates of Candida albicans resistant to fluconazole.","volume":"50","author":"Quan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.11.5459-5463.2002","article-title":"Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation by farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule.","volume":"68","author":"Ramage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.9.2475-2479.2001","article-title":"Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms.","volume":"45","author":"Ramage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01427.x","article-title":"Relationship between the cell surface hydrophobicity and adherence of Candida krusei and Candida albicans to epithelial and denture acrylic surfaces.","volume":"103","author":"Samaranayake","year":"1995","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.25.669","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of naphthoquinone derivatives.","volume":"25","author":"Sasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01424.x","article-title":"Biofilm lifestyle of Candida: a mini review.","volume":"14","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01551-08","article-title":"Farnesol-induced apoptosis in Candida albicans.","volume":"53","author":"Shirtliff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(98)80001-x","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations.","volume":"178","author":"Sobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Candidiasis (vulvovaginal).","volume":"2010","author":"Spence","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00206.x","article-title":"Adhesion in Candida spp.","volume":"4","author":"Sundstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01690.x","article-title":"Antifungal activity of amphotericin B, caspofungin and posaconazole on Candida albicans biofilms in intermediate and mature development phases.","volume":"53","author":"Tobudic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802206435","article-title":"Adherence mechanisms in human pathogenic fungi.","volume":"46","author":"Tronchin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19990201)38:3","article-title":"The chemistry and biology of alkannin, shikonin, and related naphthazarin natural products.","volume":"38","author":"Vassilios","year":"1999","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/3382","article-title":"Protocols for vaginal inoculation and sample collection in the experimental mouse model of candida vaginitis.","volume":"58","author":"Yano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300447k","article-title":"Time course analysis of Candida albicans metabolites during biofilm development.","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01085\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T00:11:17Z","timestamp":1663459877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01085\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"article-number":"1085"}}