{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:29:09Z","timestamp":1781620149284,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A5A2024418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A5A2024418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T05:05:58Z","timestamp":1560834358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Propionate Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection by Attenuating Bacterial Growth"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Reum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Heui","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1143-z","article-title":"Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study.","volume":"28","author":"Alberti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2478\/v10102-012-0017-2","article-title":"Review of skin irritation\/corrosion hazards on the basis of human data: a regulatory perspective.","volume":"5","author":"Basketter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067398","article-title":"Increased cell wall teichoic acid production and D-alanylation are common phenotypes among daptomycin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates.","volume":"8","author":"Bertsche","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S344","DOI":"10.1086\/533590","article-title":"Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","author":"Boucher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155620","article-title":"Wall teichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria.","volume":"67","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1021\/cb100269f","article-title":"Synthetic lethal compound combinations reveal a fundamental connection between wall teichoic acid and peptidoglycan biosyntheses in Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"6","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913","article-title":"Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults.","volume":"64","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322269111","article-title":"The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition.","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003047","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived IL-1\u03b2 is sufficient for abscess formation in immunity against Staphylococcus aureus in mice.","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37944","article-title":"Impact of the microbial derived short chain fatty acid propionate on host susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections in vivo.","volume":"6","author":"Ciarlo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard \u2014 Ninth Edition. CLSI Document M07-A9."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1086\/341454","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus strains lacking D-alanine modifications of teichoic acids are highly susceptible to human neutrophil killing and are virulence attenuated in mice.","volume":"186","author":"Collins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.9.763","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in the human colon.","volume":"22","author":"Cummings","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood.","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_42","article-title":"Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.","volume":"409","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61999-1","article-title":"Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"375","author":"DeLeo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01888-13","article-title":"Evaluation of vancomycin in combination with piperacillin-tazobactam or oxacillin against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus isolates in vitro.","volume":"58","author":"Dilworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1021\/cb300413m","article-title":"Inhibition of WTA synthesis blocks the cooperative action of PBPs and sensitizes MRSA to \u03b2-lactams.","volume":"8","author":"Farha","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.146.2.467-475.1981","article-title":"Effect of alanine ester substitution and other structural features of lipoteichoic acids on their inhibitory activity against autolysins of Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"146","author":"Fischer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl393","article-title":"Bactericidal agents in the treatment of MRSA infections - the potential role of daptomycin.","volume":"58","author":"French","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.946-949.2006","article-title":"Butyrate specifically down-regulates Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 gene expression.","volume":"72","author":"Gantois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.110","article-title":"Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"34","author":"Giersing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.44","article-title":"Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"106","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12149","article-title":"The intestinal fatty acid propionate inhibits Salmonella invasion through the post-translational control of HilD.","volume":"87","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu145","article-title":"Linezolid dampens neutrophil-mediated inflammation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia and protects the lung of associated damages.","volume":"210","author":"Jacqueline","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01635-06","article-title":"Colony spreading in Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"189","author":"Kaito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.15.1763","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.","volume":"298","author":"Klevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites.","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8406","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M809618200","article-title":"The triacylated ATP binding cluster transporter substrate-binding lipoprotein of Staphylococcus aureus functions as a native ligand for Toll-like receptor 2.","volume":"284","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mb70522f","article-title":"Fluctuation of multiple metabolic pathways is required for Escherichia coli in response to chlortetracycline stress.","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8173","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509743112","article-title":"Antibiotic efficacy is linked to bacterial cellular respiration.","volume":"112","author":"Lobritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections.","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease.","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-481-4_14","article-title":"Mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus skin infection.","volume":"1031","author":"Malachowa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135340","article-title":"Mechanisms of growth inhibition by propionate and restoration of the growth by sodium bicarbonate or acetate in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides S.","volume":"98","author":"Maruyama","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(91)04029-n","article-title":"Genetic systems in staphylococci.","volume":"204","author":"Novick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2018.34.2.085","article-title":"Subacute oral toxicity assessment of ethanol extract of Mariposa christia vespertilionis leaves in male Sprague Dawley rats.","volume":"34","author":"Nurul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01221-08","article-title":"Pleiotropic roles of polyglycerolphosphate synthase of lipoteichoic acid in growth of Staphylococcus aureus cells.","volume":"191","author":"Oku","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2019.19.e9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids inhibit Staphylococcal lipoprotein-induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophages.","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27167","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.141309","article-title":"Human serum mannose-binding lectin senses wall teichoic acid glycopolymer of Staphylococcus aureus, which is restricted in infancy.","volume":"285","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1967","article-title":"A synthetic lethal approach for compound and target identification in Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"12","author":"Pasquina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.06.014","article-title":"Teichoic acid biosynthesis as an antibiotic target.","volume":"16","author":"Pasquina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091213-112949","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid synthesis and function in Gram-positive bacteria.","volume":"68","author":"Percy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.13.8405","article-title":"Inactivation of the dlt operon in Staphylococcus aureus confers sensitivity to defensins, protegrins, and other antimicrobial peptides.","volume":"274","author":"Peschel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.10.2845-2847.2000","article-title":"The D-alanine residues of Staphylococcus aureus teichoic acids alter the susceptibility to vancomycin and the activity of autolytic enzymes.","volume":"44","author":"Peschel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.069898-0","article-title":"Revised mechanism of D-alanine incorporation into cell wall polymers in Gram-positive bacteria.","volume":"159","author":"Reichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-7-2215","article-title":"Inhibition of Escherichia coli growth by acetic acid: a problem with methionine biosynthesis and homocysteine toxicity.","volume":"148","author":"Roe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002891","article-title":"D-Alanylation of lipoteichoic acids confers resistance to cationic peptides in Group B Streptococcus by increasing the cell wall density.","volume":"8","author":"Saar-Dover","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.08.018","article-title":"Staphylococcal lipoproteins and their role in bacterial survival in mice.","volume":"300","author":"Schmaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0014-2956.2001.02659.x","article-title":"Propionate CoA-transferase from Clostridium propionicum. cloning of gene and identification of glutamate 324 at the active site.","volume":"269","author":"Selmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055380","article-title":"Fermentation of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal bacterium in the human skin microbiome, as skin probiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"8","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis.","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407672-3.00003-4","article-title":"Regulation of bacterial pathogenesis by intestinal short-chain fatty acids.","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.047","article-title":"Dietary fiber and bacterial SCFA enhance oral tolerance and protect against food allergy through diverse cellular pathways.","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00169.x","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo synergistic activity of colistin, rifampin, and amikacin against a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate.","volume":"6","author":"Tascini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1031","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides.","volume":"81","author":"Topping","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"P. T."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6437a6","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Delaware, 2015.","volume":"64","author":"Walters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.11.013","article-title":"Discovery of wall teichoic acid inhibitors as potential anti-MRSA \u03b2-lactam combination agents.","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2013.0031","article-title":"Propionic acid and its esterified derivative suppress the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nm991","article-title":"Role of teichoic acids in Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization, a major risk factor in nosocomial infections.","volume":"10","author":"Weidenmaier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1861","article-title":"Teichoic acids and related cell-wall glycopolymers in Gram-positive physiology and host interactions.","volume":"6","author":"Weidenmaier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.039040-0","article-title":"Destructive effects of butyrate on the cell envelope of Helicobacter pylori.","volume":"61","author":"Yonezawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2006.11.008","article-title":"Multi-target therapeutics: when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.","volume":"12","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01363\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T12:14:22Z","timestamp":1609935262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01363\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"article-number":"1363"}}