{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:44:03Z","timestamp":1790009043724,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T04:50:50Z","timestamp":1573707050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evans Blue Inhibits HBV Replication Through a Dual Antiviral Mechanism by Targeting Virus Binding and Capsid Assembly"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xulin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.03.017","article-title":"Use of FDA approved therapeutics with hNTCP metabolic inhibitory properties to impair the HDV lifecycle.","volume":"106","author":"Blanchet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00473-12","article-title":"Identification of disubstituted 4. sulfonamide compounds as specific inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA formation.","volume":"56","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.11.019","article-title":"Calcium ions affect the hepatitis B virus core assembly.","volume":"332","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S281","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw023","article-title":"Mechanism of Hepatitis B virus persistence in hepatocytes and its carcinogenic potential.","volume":"62","author":"Dandri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29236","article-title":"Polo-Like-kinase 1 is a proviral host factor for Hepatitis B virus replication.","volume":"66","author":"Diab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15338-0","article-title":"Reduced hepatitis B and D viral entry using clinically applied drugs as novel inhibitors of the bile acid transporter NTCP.","volume":"7","author":"Donkers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394316-3.00004-1","article-title":"The SLC10 carrier family: transport functions and molecular structure.","volume":"70","author":"D\u00f6ring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Membr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-015-1332-4","article-title":"Pretreatment with Evans blue, a stimulator of BK(Ca) channels, inhibits compound 48\/80-induced shock, systemic inflammation, and mast cell degranulation in the rat.","volume":"144","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18471","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204668109","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein targets Bcl-2 proteins to increase intracellular calcium, required for virus replication and cell death induction.","volume":"109","author":"Geng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.22","article-title":"Viral and cellular determinants involved in hepadnaviral entry.","volume":"13","author":"Glebe","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-011-9261-3","article-title":"HBV life cycle and novel drug targets.","volume":"5","author":"Grimm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatol Int."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232137699","article-title":"Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus.","volume":"99","author":"Gripon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8782.2001.00008.x","article-title":"Evans blue dye as an in vivo marker of myofibre damage_ optimising parameters for detecting initial myofibre membrane permeability.","volume":"200","author":"Hamer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.08.006","article-title":"Fluorescence imaging of blood-brain barrier disruption.","volume":"151","author":"Hawkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13175","article-title":"Early events in hepatitis B virus infection: from the cell surface to the nucleus.","volume":"31","author":"Hayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.09.009","article-title":"(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits entry of hepatitis B virus into hepatocytes.","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.01.028","article-title":"Novel robust in vitro hepatitis B virus infection model using fresh human hepatocytes isolated from humanized mice.","volume":"185","author":"Ishida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.052","article-title":"Evaluation and identification of hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors using HepG2 cells overexpressing a membrane transporter NTCP.","volume":"443","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11945","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01855-15","article-title":"A novel tricyclic Polyketide, Vanitaracin A, specifically inhibits the entry of Hepatitis B and D viruses by targeting sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide.","volume":"89","author":"Kaneko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.018","article-title":"Kinetics of the bile acid transporter and hepatitis B virus receptor Na+\/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) in hepatocytes.","volume":"61","author":"Konig","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.41.8.1715","article-title":"Inducible expression of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in stably transfected hepatoblastoma cells_ a novel system for screening potential inhibitors of HBV replication.","volume":"41","author":"Ladner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"122","article-title":"Role of glycosaminoglycans for binding and infection of hepatitis B virus.","volume":"10","author":"Leistner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29112","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is the limiting host factor of hepatitis B virus infection in macaque and pig hepatocytes.","volume":"66","author":"Lempp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.05.022","article-title":"Control of cccDNA function in hepatitis B virus infection.","volume":"51","author":"Levrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"64","author":"Levrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1621","article-title":"The natural history of chronic HBV infection and geographical differences.","volume":"15","author":"Liaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.026","article-title":"Identification of hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin, punicalin and geraniin) as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA.","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.12.008","article-title":"Ezetimibe blocks hepatitis B virus infection after virus uptake into hepatocytes.","volume":"97","author":"Lucifora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243462","article-title":"Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA.","volume":"343","author":"Lucifora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01218-12","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 phosphorylates s\/t-p sites in the hepadnavirus core protein C-terminal domain and is incorporated into viral capsids.","volume":"86","author":"Ludgate","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"183","article-title":"Differential inhibitory effects of Evans blue on various DNA polymerases.","volume":"11","author":"Nakane","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.022","article-title":"Cyclosporin A inhibits hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus entry by cyclophilin-independent interference with the NTCP receptor.","volume":"60","author":"Nkongolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.116","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity.","volume":"30","author":"Ott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1991.7.537","article-title":"Effect of Evans Blue and Trypan Blue on Syncytia Formation and Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I and Type II In Vitro.","volume":"7","author":"Pal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aids Res. Hum. Retrovirus."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21896","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection initiates with a large surface protein-dependent binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans.","volume":"46","author":"Schulze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus biology.","volume":"64","author":"Seeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.11.009","article-title":"Cyclosporin derivatives inhibit hepatitis B virus entry without interfering with NTCP transporter activity.","volume":"66","author":"Shimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2004.01.079","article-title":"Evans Blue and other dyes as protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors.","volume":"14","author":"Shrestha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.9.3498-3507.2004","article-title":"Clinical emergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to Lamivudine.","volume":"48","author":"Tenney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.602540","article-title":"Dysregulation of retinoic acid receptor diminishes hepatocyte permissiveness to hepatitis B virus infection through modulation of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) expression.","volume":"290","author":"Tsukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.030","article-title":"Strategies to inhibit entry of HBV and HDV into hepatocytes.","volume":"147","author":"Urban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.031","article-title":"The replication cycle of hepatitis B virus.","volume":"52","author":"Urban","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.007","article-title":"Irbesartan, an FDA approved drug for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy, is a potent inhibitor for hepatitis B virus entry by disturbing Na+-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide activity.","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.018","article-title":"Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy1 \u22c6.","volume":"126","author":"Werle-Lapostolle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.01.020","article-title":"Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in hepatitis B virus replication.","volume":"121","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7977","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03540-12","article-title":"Molecular determinants of hepatitis B and D virus entry restriction in mouse sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide.","volume":"87","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus.","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129889","article-title":"Spinoculation enhances HBV infection in NTCP-reconstituted hepatocytes.","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000417","article-title":"Oxethazaine inhibits hepatitis B virus capsid assembly by blocking the cytosolic calcium-signalling pathway.","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-017-3983-x","article-title":"Productive HBV infection of well-differentiated, hNTCP-expressing human hepatoma-derived (Huh7) cells.","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virologica Sinica"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02638\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T04:50:54Z","timestamp":1573707054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02638\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"article-number":"2638"}}